“New Psychiatry” and Traditional Healing in Kyrgyzstan: Attempts to Develop Culturally Sensitive and Community-Based Treatment
Keywords:
psychiatry, mental healthcare, traditional healing, culturally sensitive treatment, community-based tratment, cooperation between psychiatrists and healers, Central Asia, KyrgyzstanAbstract
Healthcare in post-Soviet Central Asian countries, and mental healthcare in particular, has still preserved many characteristics of the previous Soviet system. In the Kyrgyz Republic, a wide-ranging reform of the healthcare system, which started in the second half of the 1990s, has not included psychiatric services in its priorities. In the face of severe deficiencies in the system, such as an over-institutionalisation of mental healthcare and a lack of adequate financing, a group of local psychiatrists, aware of the standards of contemporary psychiatry, have tried to implement an approach promoting culturally sensitive and community-based treatment of mentally ill patients. They notice a great popularity of traditional healers and their role in local communities, based on a worldview shared with their patients and competence in values and norms of social life. Moreover, these psychiatrists understand that healers’ interventions can be effective in the cases of non-psychotic mental health disorders, and attempt to develop some kind of cooperation with Kyrgyz healers, especially in crisis situations. In this article, grounded in the publications of this group of psychiatrists and my own fieldwork in Bishkek between 2011 and 2013, I discuss these achievements and show how globally promoted ideas and directives of contemporary psychiatry have been adapted to the local conditions.
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References
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D o b r y a k o v I. V., Mo l c h a n o v a E. S., L a t i p o v a K. 2012. Etnokulturnye osobennosti depressiy i ispol’zovanie tradicionnykh ritualov beremennymi zhenshchinami Kyrgyzstana. Psikhicheskoe zdorov’e 1 (68), 43–48.
D u b u i s s o n E.-M. 2017. Living Language in Kazakhstan: The Dialogic Emergence of an Ancestral Worldview. Pittsburgh.
Du y s h e m b i y e v a J. 2005. Kyrgyz Healing Practices: Some Field Notes. The Silk Road 3(2), 38–44. http://www.silk‑road.com/newsletter/vol3num2/8_duyshembiyeva.php. Access: 7.06.2016.
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H o h m a n n S. 2010. National Identity and Invented Tradition: The Rehabilitation of Traditional Medicine in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan. The China and Eurasia Quarterly Forum 8 (3), 129–148.
I b r a i m o v a A., A k k a z i e v a B., I b r a i m o v A., Ma n z h i e v a E., R e c h e l B. 2011a. Kyrgyzstan. Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition 13 (3), 1–152.
I b r a i m o v a A., A k k a z i e v a B., Mu r z a l i e v a G., B a l a b a n o v a D. 2011b. Kyrgyzstan: A Regional Leader in Health System Reform. In D. Balabanova, M. McKee, A. Mills (eds.), “Good Health at Low Cost” 25 Years on. What Makes a Successful Health System? London, 117–157.
I n c a y a w a r M., Wi n t r o b R., B o u c h a r d L., B a r t o c c i G. (eds.). 2009. Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Unwitting Partners in Global Mental Health. Chichester.
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K a s s y m b e k o v a B. 2003. Turning to the Taeyip. Transitions Online, https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/mdap_tol_kazakh.pdf. Access 4.08.2017.
K l e i n ma n A. and B e n s o n P. 2006. Anthropology in the Clinic: The Problem of Cultural Competency and How to Fix It. PLoS Medicine 3(10), 1673–1676. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030294. Access: 12.06.2018.
K i l l a s p y H. 2006. From the Asylum to Community Care: Learning from Experience. British Medical Bulletin 79–80 (1), 245–258.
L a t y p o v A. 2010. Healers and Psychiatrists: The Transformation of Mental Health Care in Tajikistan. Transcultural Psychiatry 47 (3), 419–451.
L a t y p o v A. B. 2011. The Soviet Doctor and the Treatment of Drug Addiction: “A Difficult and Most Ungracious Task”. Harm Reduction Journal 8 (32), https://harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7517-8-32. Access 5.10.2018.
L a t y p o v A. 2015. Soviet Psychiatry and Drug Addiction in Central Asia. In M. Savelli and S. Marks (eds.), Psychiatry in Communist Europe. Basingstoke, 73–92.
M a r k s S. and S a v e l l i M. 2015. Communist Europe and Transnational Psychiatry. In M. Savelli and S. Marks (eds.), Psychiatry in Communist Europe. Basingstoke, 1–26.
Mental Health Law of the Kyrgyz Republic and Its Implementation. 2004. Mental Disability Advocacy Center. Budapest. http://www.mdac.info/sites/mdac.info/files/English_Mental%20Health%20Law%20of%20the%20Kyrgyz%20Republic%20and%20its%20implementation.pdf. Access: 20.10.2018.
M i c h a e l s P. A. 2003. Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia. Pittsburgh.
M o l c h a n o v a E. 2014a. Mental Health Rehabilitation in the Kyrgyz Republic: Official and Indigenous Models. Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health 1 (1), 23–26.
M o l c h a n o v a E. S. 2014b. Postraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder in DSM-V: Changes and Challenges. Medical Psychology in Russia 1 (24). http://www.mprj.ru/archiv_global/2014_1_24/nomer06.php#english. Access: 6.11.2018.
M o l c h a n o v a E. and A g a z a d e N. 2016. Cultural Aspects of PTSD (Kyrgyzstan Experience). In N. Agazade and E. Molchanova (eds.), Mental Health in Emergencies and Crises. Guidelines for Emergency Responses. Bishkek, 272–278.
M o l c h a n o v a E. S., A y t p a e v a G. A., Te n V. I., K o g a P. M. 2009. Tselitel’stvo i ofitsial’naya psikhiatriya Kyrgyzskoy Respubliki: vozmozhnosti vzaimodeystviya. In Kharitonova V. I. (ed.), Problemy sokhraneniya zdorov’ya v usloviyakh Severa i Sibiri: Trudy po medicinskoy antropologii.
Moskva, 204–217.
M o l c h a n o v a E., Ho r n e S., K i m E., Ya r o v a O. 2017. Hybridized Indigenous Healing in the Kyrgyz Republic: Helping Survivors of Violence, Women & Therapy online, 1–14. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02703149.2017.1324187. Access: 30.10.2017.
M o l c h a n o v a E., K i m E., G a l a k o T. 2015. Psychiatry in the Kyrgyz Republic: In between the Soviet Past and a Vague Future. In D. Bhugra, S. Tse, R. Ng, N. Takei (eds.), Routledge Handbook of Psychiatry in Asia. Abingdon, New York, 11–17.
M o l c h a n o v a E., K i m E., Ho r n e S., A i t p a e v a G., A s h i r a l i e v N., Te n V., Po h i l k o D. 2009. The Status of Counseling and Psychology in Kyrgyzstan. In L. H. Gerstein, P. P. Heppner, S. Ægisdóttir, S-M. A. Leung, K. L. Norsworthy (eds.), International Handbook of Cross-Cultural
Counseling: Cultural Assumptions and Practices Worldwide. Los Angeles, London, New Dehli, 265–277.
M o n t g o m e r y D. W. 2007. Namaz, Wishing Trees and Vodka: The Diversity of Everyday Religious Life in Central Asia. In J. Sahadeo and R. Zanca (eds.), Everyday Life in Central Asia: Past and Present. Bloomington, 355–370.
N a z a r a l i e v J. 2003. Fatal Red Poppies… . Moscow, St. Petersburg.
P e l k m a n s M . 2017. Fragile Conviction: Changing Ideological Landscapes in Urban Kyrgyzstan. Ithaca, NY.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2013. Mentally Ill or Chosen by Spirits? ‘Shamanic Illness’ and the Revival of Kazakh Traditional Medicine in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan. Central Asian Survey 32 (1), 37–51.
P e n k a l a -Ga w ę c k a D. 2014a. Niepewność, ryzyko, zaufanie. System opieki medycznej i jego reformy w postsowieckim Kirgistanie a strategie zdrowotne mieszkańców Biszkeku. Etnografia Polska 58 (1–2), 135–157.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2014b. The Way of the Shaman and the Revival of Spiritual Healing in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Shaman 22 (1 & 2), 57–81.
P e n k a l a - Ga w ę c k a D. 2016. Risky Encounters with Doctors? Medical Diversity and Health-related Strategies of the Inhabitants of Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Anthropology & Medicine 23 ( 2), 135–154.
P e n k a l a - Ga w ę c k a D. 2017a. Legitimacy and Authority of Complementary Medicine Practitioners in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. The Role and Use of Tradition. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 52 (1), 20–32.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2017b. Perceptions of Health and Illness, and the Role of Healers in Kyrgyzstan. Public Health Panorama 3 (1), 80–87.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2018. Enduring or Fragile Cooperations. Complementary Medicine and Biomedicine in Healthcare Systems of Post-Soviet Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Curare. Journal of Medical Anthropology 41 (1+2), 78–94.
P r i v r a t s k y B. G. 2001. Muslim Turkistan. Kazak Religion and Collective Memory. Richmond.
P r o b e s L. M., K o u z n e t s o v V., Ve r b i t s k i V., M o l o d y i V. 1992. Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet Psychiatry. The PSR Quarterly: A Journal of Medicine and Global Survival 2 (2), 67–76.
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2019-12-15
How to Cite
Penkala-Gawęcka, D. (2019). “New Psychiatry” and Traditional Healing in Kyrgyzstan: Attempts to Develop Culturally Sensitive and Community-Based Treatment. Ethnologia Polona, 40, 187–212. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/ethp/article/view/31
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