Befestigungen am IV Nilkatarakt in Nubien : ein Symbol der Änderung oder Änderung des Symbols?
Słowa kluczowe:
5-6 w. -- Nubia, Sudan, fortyfikacje wczesnośredniowieczne, konstrukcja murów wczesnośredniowiecznychAbstrakt
Over the last few years research in the fourth Nile cataract region, northeast of the city of Old Dongola, near modern Abu Hamed, has made considerable progress. Rescue excavations, carried out in connection with the construction of a new dam on the Nile at Merowe region, yielded a lot of new valuable information. New graves and settlements were discovered; furthermore, archaeological and architectural surveys of a number of strongholds were conducted. Excavations of the Kaldob, Suweigi, Redab and Umm Ulait fortresses indicated that all these structures were probably built in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the social, political and economic reality of the time they could have been built only at the discretion of a king. This article attempts to answer some basic questions: What was the reason for building these strongholds? What were their functions and the role they played?
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Bibliografia
Abbas Sid, A., 1971, Antiquities on Mograt Island. Sudan Notes and Records 52, 1-9
Abd El-Maksoud, M., El-Taba'i, M., Grossmann, P., 1994, The late Roman army castrum at Pelusium (Tall al-Faram). Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et Égyptologie de Lille 16, 95
Ashworth, G. J., 1991, War and the city, New York, 12
Brandes, W., 1999, Byzantine cities in the seventh and eigth centuries - different sources, different histories, . In: G. P. Brogiolo, B. Ward-Perkins (Hrsg.), The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, Leiden, 25-38
Brandes, W., Haldon, J., 2000 Town, tax and transformations? : state, cities, and their hinterlands in the east Roman world (500-800). In: G. P. Brogiolo, N. Gauthier, N. Christie (Hrsg.), Towns and their territories between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Leiden - Boston 2000, 141-172
Brubaker, L., 2001, Topography and the creation of public space in early medieval Constantinople. In: M. De Jong, F. Theuws, C. Van Rhijn (Hrsg.), Topographies of power in the early Middle Ages. Leiden, 31
Caneva, I., 1988, Prospection of the Fourth Cataract. Nubian Letters 10, 1-9
Caseau, B., 2001, Sacred landscapes. In: W.G. Bowersock, P. Robert, L. Brown, P. Brown, O. Grabar (Hrsg.), Interpreting late Antiquity : essays on the postclassical world. Cambridge-London, 21-59
Castiglioni, S. A., Castiglioni, A., Bonnet, C., The gold mines of the Kingdom of Kerma. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 263-270
Crawford, O. G. S., Macadam, M. F. L., 1953, Castles and churches in the middle Nile Region, Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 2, Khartoum, 10, 22
Cresswell, K. A. C., 1952, Fortification in islam before A. D. 1250. Proceedings of the British Academy, London , 99
Donadoni, S., 1997, Survey North of the Fourth Cataract. Mitteilungender Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 7, 20-22
Edwards, D. N., 1989, Archaeology and Settlement in Upper Nubia in the 1st Millennium AD. BAR International Series 537, Oxford, 88
Edwards, D. N., 2004, The Nubian past : an archaeology of the Sudan. London, 194
Edwards, D. N., Osman, O. S., 1994, The Mahas survey 1990 : an interim report and site inventory. Cambridge 1, 41
El-Amin, Y. M., Edwards, D. N., 2000, Archaeological Survey in the Fifth Cataract Region. Sudan & Nubia 4, 44-50
Evans, J. A. S., 1996, The age of Justinian : the circumstances of imperial power. London-New York, 215-230
Fiedl, W., Prostov, E., 1939, Excavations at Khwarazm, 1937-1938. Ars Islamica 6, 158-166
Fiedl, W., Prostov, E., 1948, Recent excavations at Khwarazm, Ars Islamica 13-14, 139-147
Gartkiewicz, P., 1982, An introduction to the history of Nubian church architecture. Nubia Christiana 1, Warszawa, 43 -133
Godlewski, W., 2003, The city of Dongola before the Arab raid of 651/652. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 2, 99-104
Godlewski, W., 2005, MtM : early Makuria Research Project. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 16, 385-388
Godlewski, W., 2006, MtM : early Makuria Research Project. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 17, 463-476
Godlewski, W., 2004, Old Dongola. In: D. Welsby, J. Anderson (Hrsg.), Sudan. Ancient Treasures : an exhibition of recent discoveries from the Sudan National Museum. The British Museum Press, London, 209-213
Godlewski, W., 2003, Old Dongola, kom A (Acropolis), 2003. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 15, 193-207
Godlewski, W., 2004, The rise of Makuria (late 5th - 8th cent). In: T. Kendall (Hrsg.), Nubian Studies 1998 : Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies, August 21-26, 1998. Boston, Mass., S. 52-73
Griffith, F. L., 1926, Oxford excavations in Nubia. Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 13/3-4, 28
Grossmann, P., Jaritz, H., 1974, Ein Besuch in der Festung von Qal'at al Baben in Oberägypten. MDAIK 30, 203
Haldon, B. J., 1999, The idea of the town in the Byzantine empire. In: G. P. Brogiolo, B. Ward-Perkins (Hrsg.), The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, Leiden, 1-23
Hirst, P., 2005, Space and power : politics, war and architecture. Cambridge, 180
Hohlfelder, R. L., 1982, (Hrsg.), City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, East European Monographs 120 ; Byzantine Series 1, New York
Jesse, F., Kuper, R., 2004, Gala Abu Ahmed : eine Festung am Wadi Howar. Der Antike Sudan 15, 137-142
Jesse, F., Peter R., 2009, Petroglyphs under the sand - A preliminary report on the field season 2008/09 at the fortress Gala Abu Ahmed, Sudan & Nubia 13, 62-71
Kennedy, D. L., 1982, Archaeological exploration on the Roman frontier in North-East Jordan : the Roman and Byzantine military installations and roadnetwork on the ground and from air. BAR International Series 134, Oxford
Kennedy, D. L., Riley, D., 1990, Rome's desert frontier from the air. London, 108-109
Kraus, T., Röder, J., Müllerwiener, W., 1967, Mons Claudianus, Mons Porphyrites : Bericht über die zweite Forschungsreise 1964. MDAIK 22, 108-20
Krzyżaniak, L., Chłodnicki, M., Jórdeczka, M., Lemiesz M., 2005, Archaeological reconnaissance between Shemkiya and Khor um Ghizlan. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 39-44
Lander, J., 1984, Roman stone fortifications : variation and change from the first century a.d. to the fourth. BAR International Series 206, Oxford
Lavan, L., The political topography of the late antique cit y: activity spaces in practice, In: L. Lavan, W. Bowden (Hrsg.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden-Boston
Leclant, J., 1990, L'exploration archéologique de la zone de la IVe cataracte du Nil. Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 316-320
Leone, A., 2007, Changing townscapes in North Africa from late Antiquity to the Arab conquest. Bari, 41
Lohwasser, A., 2004, Die Kleinfunde aus Gala Abu Ahmed im unteren Wadi Howar, Der Antike Sudan 15, 143-167
McCormick, M. 1990, Eternal victory : triumphal rulership in late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the early medieval West. Cambridge, 363
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 2001, The Roman imperial quarries : survey and excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994-1998. Vol. 1, Topography and quarries., Egypt Exploration Society, London , 215-239
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 1997, Survey and excavations - Mons Claudianus, 1987-1993. Vol. 1, Topography and quarries. Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Fouilles de l'IFAO 37, Le Caire, 34-49
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 2001, Survey and excavations - Mons Claudianus, 1987-1993. Vol. 2, Excavation. P. 1 , Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Fouilles de l'IFAO 43, Le Caire, 150
Maystre, Ch., 1970, Fouilles americano-suisses aux de Kageras, Ukma est et Songi sud. In: E. Dinkler (Hrsg.), Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit. Recklinghausen, 181-194
Milleham,, G., 1910, Churches in lower Nubia. Philadelphia, 23
Mohammed A. R. A.,, Hussein, K., 1999, Two seasons in the fourth cataract regio : preliminary results. Sudan & Nubia, 60-70
Monneret De Villard, U., 1957, La Nubia medioevale. Vol. 3 - 4, Cairo, 82
Paner, H., 2005, The Christian fortress at Redab (GAME Survey 2002), Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 3, 179-202
Paner,, H., 1998, The Hamdab Dam Project. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 1, 115-132
Pluskota, K., Pottery and lime kilns in the Fourth Cataract GAME concession. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 125-132
Pringle, D., 1981, The defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab conquest. Vol. 1. BAR International Series 99, Oxford , 162-163
Purton, P., 2009, A history of early medieval siege c. 450-1220, Woodbridge, 45-46
Sidebotham, S., Thomas, R. I., Harrell I. A., , The el Kab and Nuri-Hamdam / fourth cataract survey, January 2006. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 77-78
Southern, P., Dixon, K.R., 1996, The late Roman army. London, 129
Titherington, G. W., 1939, The Kubinat : old forts of the fourth cataract. Sudan Notes and Reports 22, 269-271
Török, L., 2009, Between two worlds : the frontier region between ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - AD 500. Probleme der Ägyptologie 29, 362-363
Török, L., 1997, The Kingdom of Kush: handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic civilization, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, 496-497
Welsby, D., 2002, The medieval kingdoms of Nubia : pagans, christians and muslims on the middle Nile, London, 125, 135-136
Welsby, D., 2008, The Merowe dam archaeological salvage project. In: W. Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August- 2 September 2006. P. 1, Warsaw, 33-48
Welsby, D., 1998, Roman military installations along the Nile South of the first cataract. Archéologie du Nil Moyen 8, 157-182
Welsby, D., 2003, Survey above the fourth Nile cataract ; with contributions by P. Braddock, D. Usai. BAR International Series 1110 ; Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication 10, Oxford
Wiewióra, M., 2007, Architektura obronna w Nubii od V do XVI wieku : studium archeologiczno-architektoniczne, Toruń
Wiewióra, M., 2003, Badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne twierdz i kościołów chrześcijańskich w Górnej Nubii. Archaeologia Historica Polona 13, 343-364
Wiewióra, M., 2003, Fortifications in the South Dongola Reach of the Nile. In: B. Żurawski (Hrsg.), Survey and Excavations between Old Dongola and ez-Zuma. Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1 ; Nubia 2, Warszawa, 493-511
Wiewióra, M., 2010, Preliminary report on archaeological and architectural survey of two Christian fortresses - Suweigi and Kaldob - in the FourthCataract region. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 111-117
Wiewióra, M., 2005, Sinada / Banganarti - Abkor-Diffar : three fortified settlements in the South Dongola Reach. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 3, 265-283
Wiewióra, M., Suwegi : a fortified settlement near the fourth cataract : preliminary results of archaeological and architectural survey. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 167-180
Wolf, P, 2004, The SARS Anglo-German expedition at the fourth cataract of the Nile : the 2003/2004 season. Sudan & Nubia 8, 17-26
Wolf, P., Novotnick U., 2005, First season of the SARS Anglo-German survey at the fourth cataract. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 181-18
Wozniak, F. F., 1996, The Justinian fortification of interior Illyricum. In: Hohlfelder, R. L., 1982, (Hrsg.), City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, East European Monographs 120 ; Byzantine Series 1, New York, 199-209
Zanini, E., 2003, The urban ideal and urban planning in Byzantinenew cities of the sixth century A.D. In: L. Lavan, W. Bowden (Hrsg.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden-Boston, 200
Żurawski, B., 1998, Archaeological reconnaissance in the Abkor / Tergis area (February 1997), Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 133-143
Żurawski, B., 2006, Fourth cataract survey and excavations in Shemkhiya, Dar el Arab and Saffi island. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 17, 323-325
Żurawski, B., 2001, Makurian defensive system in the Southern Dongola Reach (6th-14th century), Étudfes et Travaux 19, 356-385
Żurawski, B., 2003, Survey and excavations between Old Dongola and ez-Zumi. Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1 ; Nubia 2, Warszawa
Abd El-Maksoud, M., El-Taba'i, M., Grossmann, P., 1994, The late Roman army castrum at Pelusium (Tall al-Faram). Cahiers de recherches de l'Institut de Papyrologie et Égyptologie de Lille 16, 95
Ashworth, G. J., 1991, War and the city, New York, 12
Brandes, W., 1999, Byzantine cities in the seventh and eigth centuries - different sources, different histories, . In: G. P. Brogiolo, B. Ward-Perkins (Hrsg.), The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, Leiden, 25-38
Brandes, W., Haldon, J., 2000 Town, tax and transformations? : state, cities, and their hinterlands in the east Roman world (500-800). In: G. P. Brogiolo, N. Gauthier, N. Christie (Hrsg.), Towns and their territories between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Leiden - Boston 2000, 141-172
Brubaker, L., 2001, Topography and the creation of public space in early medieval Constantinople. In: M. De Jong, F. Theuws, C. Van Rhijn (Hrsg.), Topographies of power in the early Middle Ages. Leiden, 31
Caneva, I., 1988, Prospection of the Fourth Cataract. Nubian Letters 10, 1-9
Caseau, B., 2001, Sacred landscapes. In: W.G. Bowersock, P. Robert, L. Brown, P. Brown, O. Grabar (Hrsg.), Interpreting late Antiquity : essays on the postclassical world. Cambridge-London, 21-59
Castiglioni, S. A., Castiglioni, A., Bonnet, C., The gold mines of the Kingdom of Kerma. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 263-270
Crawford, O. G. S., Macadam, M. F. L., 1953, Castles and churches in the middle Nile Region, Sudan Antiquities Service Occasional Papers 2, Khartoum, 10, 22
Cresswell, K. A. C., 1952, Fortification in islam before A. D. 1250. Proceedings of the British Academy, London , 99
Donadoni, S., 1997, Survey North of the Fourth Cataract. Mitteilungender Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin 7, 20-22
Edwards, D. N., 1989, Archaeology and Settlement in Upper Nubia in the 1st Millennium AD. BAR International Series 537, Oxford, 88
Edwards, D. N., 2004, The Nubian past : an archaeology of the Sudan. London, 194
Edwards, D. N., Osman, O. S., 1994, The Mahas survey 1990 : an interim report and site inventory. Cambridge 1, 41
El-Amin, Y. M., Edwards, D. N., 2000, Archaeological Survey in the Fifth Cataract Region. Sudan & Nubia 4, 44-50
Evans, J. A. S., 1996, The age of Justinian : the circumstances of imperial power. London-New York, 215-230
Fiedl, W., Prostov, E., 1939, Excavations at Khwarazm, 1937-1938. Ars Islamica 6, 158-166
Fiedl, W., Prostov, E., 1948, Recent excavations at Khwarazm, Ars Islamica 13-14, 139-147
Gartkiewicz, P., 1982, An introduction to the history of Nubian church architecture. Nubia Christiana 1, Warszawa, 43 -133
Godlewski, W., 2003, The city of Dongola before the Arab raid of 651/652. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 2, 99-104
Godlewski, W., 2005, MtM : early Makuria Research Project. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 16, 385-388
Godlewski, W., 2006, MtM : early Makuria Research Project. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 17, 463-476
Godlewski, W., 2004, Old Dongola. In: D. Welsby, J. Anderson (Hrsg.), Sudan. Ancient Treasures : an exhibition of recent discoveries from the Sudan National Museum. The British Museum Press, London, 209-213
Godlewski, W., 2003, Old Dongola, kom A (Acropolis), 2003. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 15, 193-207
Godlewski, W., 2004, The rise of Makuria (late 5th - 8th cent). In: T. Kendall (Hrsg.), Nubian Studies 1998 : Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the International Society of Nubian Studies, August 21-26, 1998. Boston, Mass., S. 52-73
Griffith, F. L., 1926, Oxford excavations in Nubia. Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 13/3-4, 28
Grossmann, P., Jaritz, H., 1974, Ein Besuch in der Festung von Qal'at al Baben in Oberägypten. MDAIK 30, 203
Haldon, B. J., 1999, The idea of the town in the Byzantine empire. In: G. P. Brogiolo, B. Ward-Perkins (Hrsg.), The idea and ideal of the town between late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages, Leiden, 1-23
Hirst, P., 2005, Space and power : politics, war and architecture. Cambridge, 180
Hohlfelder, R. L., 1982, (Hrsg.), City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, East European Monographs 120 ; Byzantine Series 1, New York
Jesse, F., Kuper, R., 2004, Gala Abu Ahmed : eine Festung am Wadi Howar. Der Antike Sudan 15, 137-142
Jesse, F., Peter R., 2009, Petroglyphs under the sand - A preliminary report on the field season 2008/09 at the fortress Gala Abu Ahmed, Sudan & Nubia 13, 62-71
Kennedy, D. L., 1982, Archaeological exploration on the Roman frontier in North-East Jordan : the Roman and Byzantine military installations and roadnetwork on the ground and from air. BAR International Series 134, Oxford
Kennedy, D. L., Riley, D., 1990, Rome's desert frontier from the air. London, 108-109
Kraus, T., Röder, J., Müllerwiener, W., 1967, Mons Claudianus, Mons Porphyrites : Bericht über die zweite Forschungsreise 1964. MDAIK 22, 108-20
Krzyżaniak, L., Chłodnicki, M., Jórdeczka, M., Lemiesz M., 2005, Archaeological reconnaissance between Shemkiya and Khor um Ghizlan. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 39-44
Lander, J., 1984, Roman stone fortifications : variation and change from the first century a.d. to the fourth. BAR International Series 206, Oxford
Lavan, L., The political topography of the late antique cit y: activity spaces in practice, In: L. Lavan, W. Bowden (Hrsg.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden-Boston
Leclant, J., 1990, L'exploration archéologique de la zone de la IVe cataracte du Nil. Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 316-320
Leone, A., 2007, Changing townscapes in North Africa from late Antiquity to the Arab conquest. Bari, 41
Lohwasser, A., 2004, Die Kleinfunde aus Gala Abu Ahmed im unteren Wadi Howar, Der Antike Sudan 15, 143-167
McCormick, M. 1990, Eternal victory : triumphal rulership in late Antiquity, Byzantium, and the early medieval West. Cambridge, 363
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 2001, The Roman imperial quarries : survey and excavation at Mons Porphyrites 1994-1998. Vol. 1, Topography and quarries., Egypt Exploration Society, London , 215-239
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 1997, Survey and excavations - Mons Claudianus, 1987-1993. Vol. 1, Topography and quarries. Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Fouilles de l'IFAO 37, Le Caire, 34-49
Maxfield, V. A., Peacock, D. P. S., 2001, Survey and excavations - Mons Claudianus, 1987-1993. Vol. 2, Excavation. P. 1 , Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Fouilles de l'IFAO 43, Le Caire, 150
Maystre, Ch., 1970, Fouilles americano-suisses aux de Kageras, Ukma est et Songi sud. In: E. Dinkler (Hrsg.), Kunst und Geschichte Nubiens in christlicher Zeit. Recklinghausen, 181-194
Milleham,, G., 1910, Churches in lower Nubia. Philadelphia, 23
Mohammed A. R. A.,, Hussein, K., 1999, Two seasons in the fourth cataract regio : preliminary results. Sudan & Nubia, 60-70
Monneret De Villard, U., 1957, La Nubia medioevale. Vol. 3 - 4, Cairo, 82
Paner, H., 2005, The Christian fortress at Redab (GAME Survey 2002), Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 3, 179-202
Paner,, H., 1998, The Hamdab Dam Project. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 1, 115-132
Pluskota, K., Pottery and lime kilns in the Fourth Cataract GAME concession. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 125-132
Pringle, D., 1981, The defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab conquest. Vol. 1. BAR International Series 99, Oxford , 162-163
Purton, P., 2009, A history of early medieval siege c. 450-1220, Woodbridge, 45-46
Sidebotham, S., Thomas, R. I., Harrell I. A., , The el Kab and Nuri-Hamdam / fourth cataract survey, January 2006. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 77-78
Southern, P., Dixon, K.R., 1996, The late Roman army. London, 129
Titherington, G. W., 1939, The Kubinat : old forts of the fourth cataract. Sudan Notes and Reports 22, 269-271
Török, L., 2009, Between two worlds : the frontier region between ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC - AD 500. Probleme der Ägyptologie 29, 362-363
Török, L., 1997, The Kingdom of Kush: handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic civilization, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, 496-497
Welsby, D., 2002, The medieval kingdoms of Nubia : pagans, christians and muslims on the middle Nile, London, 125, 135-136
Welsby, D., 2008, The Merowe dam archaeological salvage project. In: W. Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August- 2 September 2006. P. 1, Warsaw, 33-48
Welsby, D., 1998, Roman military installations along the Nile South of the first cataract. Archéologie du Nil Moyen 8, 157-182
Welsby, D., 2003, Survey above the fourth Nile cataract ; with contributions by P. Braddock, D. Usai. BAR International Series 1110 ; Sudan Archaeological Research Society Publication 10, Oxford
Wiewióra, M., 2007, Architektura obronna w Nubii od V do XVI wieku : studium archeologiczno-architektoniczne, Toruń
Wiewióra, M., 2003, Badania archeologiczno-architektoniczne twierdz i kościołów chrześcijańskich w Górnej Nubii. Archaeologia Historica Polona 13, 343-364
Wiewióra, M., 2003, Fortifications in the South Dongola Reach of the Nile. In: B. Żurawski (Hrsg.), Survey and Excavations between Old Dongola and ez-Zuma. Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1 ; Nubia 2, Warszawa, 493-511
Wiewióra, M., 2010, Preliminary report on archaeological and architectural survey of two Christian fortresses - Suweigi and Kaldob - in the FourthCataract region. In: W. , Godlewski, A. Łajtar (Hrsg.), Between the cataracts : proceedings of the 11th conference for Nubian studies. Warsaw University, 27 August - 2 September 2006. P. 2, Warsaw, 111-117
Wiewióra, M., 2005, Sinada / Banganarti - Abkor-Diffar : three fortified settlements in the South Dongola Reach. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 3, 265-283
Wiewióra, M., Suwegi : a fortified settlement near the fourth cataract : preliminary results of archaeological and architectural survey. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 167-180
Wolf, P, 2004, The SARS Anglo-German expedition at the fourth cataract of the Nile : the 2003/2004 season. Sudan & Nubia 8, 17-26
Wolf, P., Novotnick U., 2005, First season of the SARS Anglo-German survey at the fourth cataract. In: H. Paner, S. Jakobielski (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the "Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract", Gdańsk- Gniew, 23-25 July 2004. Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports 4, 181-18
Wozniak, F. F., 1996, The Justinian fortification of interior Illyricum. In: Hohlfelder, R. L., 1982, (Hrsg.), City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Era, East European Monographs 120 ; Byzantine Series 1, New York, 199-209
Zanini, E., 2003, The urban ideal and urban planning in Byzantinenew cities of the sixth century A.D. In: L. Lavan, W. Bowden (Hrsg.), Theory and Practice in Late Antique Archaeology. Leiden-Boston, 200
Żurawski, B., 1998, Archaeological reconnaissance in the Abkor / Tergis area (February 1997), Gdańsk Archaeological Museum African Reports, 133-143
Żurawski, B., 2006, Fourth cataract survey and excavations in Shemkhiya, Dar el Arab and Saffi island. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 17, 323-325
Żurawski, B., 2001, Makurian defensive system in the Southern Dongola Reach (6th-14th century), Étudfes et Travaux 19, 356-385
Żurawski, B., 2003, Survey and excavations between Old Dongola and ez-Zumi. Southern Dongola Reach Survey 1 ; Nubia 2, Warszawa
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Wiewióra, M. (2010). Befestigungen am IV Nilkatarakt in Nubien : ein Symbol der Änderung oder Änderung des Symbols?. Archeologia, 61, 95–107. Pobrano z https://journals.iaepan.pl/arch/article/view/518
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