Glass Objects from the Third Century Open-Court Building in Palmyra in the Light of Formal Analogies and Results of Physico-Chemical Analysis
Słowa kluczowe:
rzymski o. późny-wczesny o. islamski, Palmyra (Syria), przedmioty szklane, szkło malowane, fizykochemiczne analizy szkłaAbstrakt
Eleven typologically significant glass fragments (described in Appendix 1) from the Open-Court Building in Palmyra were analyzed physico-chemically in the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (see Appendices 2 and 3). The majority of them are rather common glasses from the second half of the 3rd c., representing forms popular in the eastern part of the Empire: Palestine, Syria and northern Mesopotamia. ‘Natural’ greenish glass, made with the use of mineral sodium and low alkaline recipe (chemical type Na-Ca-Al-Si), indicates that the vessels were produced in moderately specialized workshops of western Syria, following the Syrian glass-making tradition and the method of decoloring glass with manganese. Item no. 11 differs from all the others. It is a fragment of a large painted vessel or (rather) stained window glass. The results of a technological analysis (chemical type Na-Ca-Mg-Si) did not give a clear answer about its origin, but they have provided some clues. The discussed painted glass from Palmyra is likely to have been made in a Syrian workshop in Late Antiquity or the Early Islamic period.
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Bibliografia
Abû-l-Faraj Al-'Ush. 1964. "Les verres conserves au Département de l'art arabe musulman du Musée National de Damas," Bulletin des Journées Internationales du Verre 3, 55 -64.
Brill, R. H. 1969. "The scientifi c investigation of ancient glasses," in: Eighth International Congress on Glass: London, 1 -6 July 1968, Sheffield, 47-68.
Brill, R. H. 1970. "Chemical studies of Islamic luster glass," in: R. Berger (ed.), Scientific Methods in Medieval Archaeology, London, 351-377.
Brosch, N. 1990. "Glass window fragments from Khirbet Al-Mafjar," AIHV 11, 1988, 247-256.
Bucovalä, M. 1968. Vase antice de sticla la Tomis, Constanta.
Byliński, J. 1995. "A IIIrd Century Open-Court Building in Palmyra. Excavation Report," DaM 8, 213-246.
Clairmont, C.W. 1963. The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report IV, Part V: The Glass Vessels, New Haven.
Daszkiewicz, M. and J. Raabe. 1997. "Glass from Palmyra in laboratory studies," PAM 7, 199-202.
Engle, A. 1973. "Galilee as center of glassmaking in the Roman period," Readings in Glass History 1, 35-50.
Engle, A. 1977. Readings in Glass History, Jerusalem.
Filarska, B. 1952. Szkła starożytne. Katalog naczyń, I, Warszawa.
Filippini, P. 1996. "Blown gold-sandwich glass with gilt glass-trail inscription," AIHV 13, 1995, 113-128.
Gawlikowska, K. and Kh. As'Ad. 1994. „The collection of glass vessels in the Museum of Palmyra," Studia Palmyreńskie 9, 5-38.
Harden, D.B. 1970. "Ancient Glass, II: Roman," Archaeological Journal 126, 44-77.
Harden, D. B. (ed.). 1987. Glass of the Caesars [: travelling exhibition through Corning, N.Y., London, Cologne, Roma, 1987], Milano.
Henderson, J. 1999. "Archaeological investigations of an Islamic industrial complex at Raqqa, Syria," DaM 11, 243-265.
Henderson, J. and S. D. McLoughin. 2003. "Glass production in al-Ragga: experimentation and technological changes," AIHV 15, 2001, 144-148.
Hill, M. and M.-D. Nenna. 2003. "Glass from Ain Et-Turba and Bagawat necropolis in the Kharga Oasis, Egypt," AIHV 15, 2001, 88-92.
Isings, C. 1957. Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Groningen-Dja-karta
Jennings, S. 2006. Vessel Glass from Beirut: BEY 006, 007, and 045 (Archaeology of the Beirut Souks 2), Berytus 48-49, 20042005, 1-326.
Kunina, N. (ed.). 1997. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection, St. Petersburg.
Lamm, C. J. 1941. Oriental glass of mediaeval date found in Sweden and the early history of lustre-painting, Stockholm.
Poradnik. 1988. Poradnik zdobnika wyrobów szklanych, Warszawa [Glass Decorator's Guide-Book].
Sadurska, A. 1977. Le tombeau de famille de 'Alainê (Palmyre VII), Warszawa.
Sayre, E.V. 1963. "The intentional use of antimony and manganese in ancient glasses," in: Advances in Glass Technology. Part 2: History Papers and Discussions of the Technical Papers of the VI International Congress on Glass, New York, 263-281.
Scapova, J. 1975. "Le verre byzantin du Ve-XIIe siècles," in: V. Cubrilovic (ed.), Srednjovekovno staklo na Balkanu (V-XV vek): zbornik radova sa meâdunarodnog savetovanja odrzanog od 22. do 24.4.1974 u Beogradu, Beograd, 33-48.
Schatzschock, M. 2002. "A Glass-Complex of the Severian Period from Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos," in: G. Kordas (ed.), Hyalos = Vitrum = Glass: history, technology and conservation of glass and vitreous materials in the Hellenic world, 1st International Conference, Athens, 333 -337.
Smith, R. W. 1957. Glass from the Ancient World. The Ray Win-field Smith Collection, Corning-New York.
Sorokina, N. P. 1962. "Steklo iz raskopok Pantikapeja 1945-1959 gg," MIA 103, 210-236.
Stawiarska, T. 1984. Szkła z okresu wpływów rzymskich z północnej Polski. Studium technologiczne, Wrocław.
Stawiarska, T. 1988. "Alkaline and calcium-magnesium raw materials used for melt of the ancient glass (methods of comparison)," Archaeologia Polona 25 -26, 209-224.
Stawiarska, T. 1993. "Chemical studies of ancient glasses in Poland (with particular reference to the Roman period)," Ar-chaeologia Polona 31, 219-228.
Stawiarska, T. 1999. Naczynia szklane okresu rzymskiego z terenu Polski. Studium archeologiczno-technologiczne, Warszawa.
Stawiarska, T. 2014. Roman and Early Byzantine Glass from Romania and Northern Bulgaria. Archaeological and Technological Study (Bibliotheca Antiqua 24), Warsaw.
Stern, E. 1977. Ancient glass at the Foundation Custodia (Collection Frits Lugt), Paris - Groningen.
Tait, H. (ed.). 1999. Five Thousand Years of Glass, New, revised edition, London.
Whitehouse, D. 1989. "Begram reconsidered," Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 22, 151-157.
Zouhdi, B. 1964. "Les verres conservées au Département des antiquités syriennes des époques grécque, romaine et byzantine du Musée National de Damas, Bulletin des Journées Internationales du Verre 3, 41-54.
Brill, R. H. 1969. "The scientifi c investigation of ancient glasses," in: Eighth International Congress on Glass: London, 1 -6 July 1968, Sheffield, 47-68.
Brill, R. H. 1970. "Chemical studies of Islamic luster glass," in: R. Berger (ed.), Scientific Methods in Medieval Archaeology, London, 351-377.
Brosch, N. 1990. "Glass window fragments from Khirbet Al-Mafjar," AIHV 11, 1988, 247-256.
Bucovalä, M. 1968. Vase antice de sticla la Tomis, Constanta.
Byliński, J. 1995. "A IIIrd Century Open-Court Building in Palmyra. Excavation Report," DaM 8, 213-246.
Clairmont, C.W. 1963. The Excavations at Dura-Europos: Final Report IV, Part V: The Glass Vessels, New Haven.
Daszkiewicz, M. and J. Raabe. 1997. "Glass from Palmyra in laboratory studies," PAM 7, 199-202.
Engle, A. 1973. "Galilee as center of glassmaking in the Roman period," Readings in Glass History 1, 35-50.
Engle, A. 1977. Readings in Glass History, Jerusalem.
Filarska, B. 1952. Szkła starożytne. Katalog naczyń, I, Warszawa.
Filippini, P. 1996. "Blown gold-sandwich glass with gilt glass-trail inscription," AIHV 13, 1995, 113-128.
Gawlikowska, K. and Kh. As'Ad. 1994. „The collection of glass vessels in the Museum of Palmyra," Studia Palmyreńskie 9, 5-38.
Harden, D.B. 1970. "Ancient Glass, II: Roman," Archaeological Journal 126, 44-77.
Harden, D. B. (ed.). 1987. Glass of the Caesars [: travelling exhibition through Corning, N.Y., London, Cologne, Roma, 1987], Milano.
Henderson, J. 1999. "Archaeological investigations of an Islamic industrial complex at Raqqa, Syria," DaM 11, 243-265.
Henderson, J. and S. D. McLoughin. 2003. "Glass production in al-Ragga: experimentation and technological changes," AIHV 15, 2001, 144-148.
Hill, M. and M.-D. Nenna. 2003. "Glass from Ain Et-Turba and Bagawat necropolis in the Kharga Oasis, Egypt," AIHV 15, 2001, 88-92.
Isings, C. 1957. Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Groningen-Dja-karta
Jennings, S. 2006. Vessel Glass from Beirut: BEY 006, 007, and 045 (Archaeology of the Beirut Souks 2), Berytus 48-49, 20042005, 1-326.
Kunina, N. (ed.). 1997. Ancient Glass in the Hermitage Collection, St. Petersburg.
Lamm, C. J. 1941. Oriental glass of mediaeval date found in Sweden and the early history of lustre-painting, Stockholm.
Poradnik. 1988. Poradnik zdobnika wyrobów szklanych, Warszawa [Glass Decorator's Guide-Book].
Sadurska, A. 1977. Le tombeau de famille de 'Alainê (Palmyre VII), Warszawa.
Sayre, E.V. 1963. "The intentional use of antimony and manganese in ancient glasses," in: Advances in Glass Technology. Part 2: History Papers and Discussions of the Technical Papers of the VI International Congress on Glass, New York, 263-281.
Scapova, J. 1975. "Le verre byzantin du Ve-XIIe siècles," in: V. Cubrilovic (ed.), Srednjovekovno staklo na Balkanu (V-XV vek): zbornik radova sa meâdunarodnog savetovanja odrzanog od 22. do 24.4.1974 u Beogradu, Beograd, 33-48.
Schatzschock, M. 2002. "A Glass-Complex of the Severian Period from Hanghaus 2 in Ephesos," in: G. Kordas (ed.), Hyalos = Vitrum = Glass: history, technology and conservation of glass and vitreous materials in the Hellenic world, 1st International Conference, Athens, 333 -337.
Smith, R. W. 1957. Glass from the Ancient World. The Ray Win-field Smith Collection, Corning-New York.
Sorokina, N. P. 1962. "Steklo iz raskopok Pantikapeja 1945-1959 gg," MIA 103, 210-236.
Stawiarska, T. 1984. Szkła z okresu wpływów rzymskich z północnej Polski. Studium technologiczne, Wrocław.
Stawiarska, T. 1988. "Alkaline and calcium-magnesium raw materials used for melt of the ancient glass (methods of comparison)," Archaeologia Polona 25 -26, 209-224.
Stawiarska, T. 1993. "Chemical studies of ancient glasses in Poland (with particular reference to the Roman period)," Ar-chaeologia Polona 31, 219-228.
Stawiarska, T. 1999. Naczynia szklane okresu rzymskiego z terenu Polski. Studium archeologiczno-technologiczne, Warszawa.
Stawiarska, T. 2014. Roman and Early Byzantine Glass from Romania and Northern Bulgaria. Archaeological and Technological Study (Bibliotheca Antiqua 24), Warsaw.
Stern, E. 1977. Ancient glass at the Foundation Custodia (Collection Frits Lugt), Paris - Groningen.
Tait, H. (ed.). 1999. Five Thousand Years of Glass, New, revised edition, London.
Whitehouse, D. 1989. "Begram reconsidered," Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 22, 151-157.
Zouhdi, B. 1964. "Les verres conservées au Département des antiquités syriennes des époques grécque, romaine et byzantine du Musée National de Damas, Bulletin des Journées Internationales du Verre 3, 41-54.
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2014-01-01
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Stawiarska, T. (2014). Glass Objects from the Third Century Open-Court Building in Palmyra in the Light of Formal Analogies and Results of Physico-Chemical Analysis. Archeologia, 65, 25–34. Pobrano z https://journals.iaepan.pl/arch/article/view/549
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