Neurotechnology Goes to Polish School. An Ethnographic Story About Scanning ADHD
Keywords:
ADHD, neurotechnology, diagnosis, medicalisation, Poland, patients-in-waiting, neuroeconomyAbstract
In a public primary school in a middle sized Polish town, research was conducted in which a number of children were diagnosed with a new tool for identifying ADHD. This situation serves as the point of departure for an ethnographic reflection devoted to contemporary practices of diagnosing children’s mental health. The screening programs, which are more frequently permeating Polish schools, generate a category of “patients-in-waiting”, who can be defined as children, who remain in an intermediate position between illness and normalcy. It is they who are the potential recipients of further diagnostic acts and therapies and they co-constitute a dynamically developing area of neuroeconomy.
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References
A r m s t r o n g D. 1983. Political Anatomy of the Body. Making Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney.
A r m s t r o n g D. 1994. Bodies of Knowledge/Knowledge of Bodies. In J. Colin and R. Porter (eds.), Reassessing Foucault: Power, Medicine and the Body. London, New York, 17–27.
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B é h a g u e D. 2017. Psychiatry, Sex, and Science. The Making of “Adolescent” Motherhood in Southern Brazil. Medical Anthropology 28 (1), 1–16.
B é h a g u e D. and L é z é S. 2015. Shaping the Modern Child. Genealogies and Ethnographies of Developmental Science. Social Science and Medicine 143, 249–254.
Be n d i x Pe t e r s e n E. and Mi l l e i Z. (eds.) 2016. Interrupting the Psy-Disciplines in Education. London.
B l u m L. 2011. “Not This Big, Huge, Racial-Type Thing, but…”: Mothering Children of Color with Invisible Disabilities in the Age of Neuroscience. Sings: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 36 (4), 941–967.
B ü s c h e r M., G o o d w i n D., M e sma n J. (eds.) 2010. Ethnographies of Diagnostic Work. Dimensions of Transformative Practice. New York.
C h o u d h u r y S. 2010. Culturing the Adolescent Brain: What Can Neuroscience Learn from Anthropology? SCAN 5, 159–167.
C l a r k C. D. 2011. In A Younger Voice. Doing Child-Centred Qualitative Research. Oxford.
C l a r k e A., M a m o L., F i s h m a n J. R., F o s k e t J. R., S h i m J. K. 2003. Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U. S. Biomedicine. American Sociological Review 68 (2), 161–194.
C l a r k e J. N. and J a m e s S. 2003. The radicalized self: the impact on the self of the contested nature of the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Social Science and Medicine 57(8), 1387–1395.
C o n r a d P. 1976. Identifying Hyperactive Children. The Medicalization of Deviant Behaviour. Lexington, MA.
C o n r a d P. 1992. Medicalization and Social Control. Annual Review of Sociology 18, 209–232.
C o n r a d P. 2007. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore.
C o n r a d P. and B e r g e y M. 2014. The Impending Globalization of ADHD: Notes on the Expansion and Growth of a Medicalized Disorder. Social Science and Medicine 122, 31–43.
C o n r a d P. and P o t t e r D. 2000. From Hyperactive Children to ADHD Adults: Observations on the Expansion of Medical Categories. Social Problems 47 (4), 559–582.
Da s t o n L. (ed.) 2000. Biographies of scientific objects. Chicago, London.
De w K. and J u t e l A. 2014. Introduction. In K. Dew and A. Jutel (eds.), Social Issues in Diagnosis. An Introduction for Students and Clinicians. Chicago, IL, 1–14.
E b e l i n g M. 2011. “Get with the Program!”: Pharmaceutical marketing, symptom checklists and selfdiagnosis. Social Science and Medicine 73, 825–832.
Ga r d n e r J., D e w K., S t u b b e M., D o w e l l T., M a c d o n a l d L. 2011. Patchwork diagnoses. The production of coherence, uncertainty, and manageable bodies. Social Science and Medicine 73, 843–850.
G o o d w i n D. and Mc C o n n e l l T. 2014. Diagnostic Work: A Disorderly Process. In: K. Dew and A. Jutel (eds.), Social Issues in Diagnosis. An Introduction for Students and Clinicians. Chicago, IL, 33–46.
G o r z k o w s k a I. and S a m o c h o w i e c J. 2012. Historia zaburzenia hiperkinetycznego (ADHD) na świecie i w Polsce przed ICD-10 i DSM IV-TR. Psychiatria 9 (3), 91–99.
G u i l l e m i n M. and L. G i l l a m. 2004. Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research. Qualitative Inquiry 10(2), 261–280.
Ha r w o o d V. and A l l a n J. 2014. Psychopathology at School: Theorizing Mental Disorders in School. London.
Ho l l i n G. and P i l n i c k A. 2015. Infancy, Autism, and the Emergence of a Socially Disordered Body. Social Science and Medicine 143, 279–286.
Ho r w i t z A. and Gr o b G. 2016. The Troubled History of Psychiatry’s Quest for Specificity. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 41 (4), 521–539.
J u t e l A. 2011. Putting a Name to It. Diagnosis in Contemporary Society. Baltimore.
J u t e l A. 2018. Foreword. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 7–10.
K i r m a y e r L. and G o l d I. 2012. Re-Socializing Psychiatry. Critical Neuroscience and the Limits of Reductionism. In S. Choudhury and J. Slaby (eds.), Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience. Malden, Oxford, Sussex, 307–330.
L a k o f f A. 2005. Diagnostic liquidity: Mental illness and the global trade in DNA. Theory and Society 34, 63–92.
L a t o u r B. 2000. On the Partial Existence of Existing and Nonexisting Objects. In L. Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects. Chicago, London, 247–269.
L e F r a n ç o i s B. 2008. “It’s Like Mental Torture”: Participation and Mental Health Services. International Journal of Children’s Rights 16, 211–227.
L i e g g h i o M. 2016. Too Young to be Mad: Disabling Encounters with ’Normal’ from the Perspectives of Psychiatrized Youth. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Polity, and Practice 5 (3), 110–129.
Ma c i e j e w s k a - M ro c z e k E ., R a d k o w s k a -Wa l k ow i c z M., Reimann M., Wi t e s k a - M ł y n a r c z y k A., B o n i Z., K r a w c z a k A. 2015. The Code of Good Practices in Research with Children for Social Sciences, www.childhoods.uw.edu/664–2/, accessed 05.03.2019.
Ma c i e j e w s k a -Mr o c z e k E. and R e i m a n n M. 2017. Kodeks dobrych praktyk w badaniach z dziećmi. O potrzebie tworzenia zasad prowadzenia badań z udziałem dzieci. Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica 18(3), 11–23.
Ma l a c r i d a C. 2004. Medicalization, Ambivalence and Social Control. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8 (1), 61–80.
Me c k e l R. 2013. Classrooms and Clinics. Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870–1930. New Brunswick, New Jersey, London.
Mi l l s Ch. 2014. Psychotropic Childhoods. Global Mental Health and Pharmaceutical Children. Children & Society 28 (3), 194–204.
Mi l l s Ch. In 2018. Children’s Mental Health: Controversy, Complexity and Contestation. In H. Montgomery and M. Robb (eds.), Children and Young People’s Worlds. Maidenhead, 247–264.
Mo l A. 2002. The Body Multiple. Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham, London.
Ni s s e n N. and B e c h R i s ø r M. 2018. Configurations of Diagnostic Processes and Practices: An Introduction. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 11–32.
No w a k o w s k i M. 2015. Medykalizacja i demedykalizacja. Zdrowie i choroba w czasach kapitalizmu dezorganizowanego. Lublin.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2017. Medykalizacja w perspektywie antropologii medycznej. In M. Nowakowski and W. Piątkowski (eds.), Procesy medykalizacji we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Lublin, 173–194.
P h i l i p s Ch. 2006. Medicine Goes to School: Teachers as Sickness Brokers for ADHD. PLOS Medicine 3 (4), 433–435.
R o s e N. 1999. Governing the Soul. The Shaping of the Private Self. London, New York.
R o s e N. 2006. Disorders without Borders? The Expanding Scope of Psychiatric Practice. BioSocieties 1 (4), 465–484.
R o s e N. 2014. The Human Brain Project: Social and Ethical Challenges. Neuron 82 (6), 1212–1215.
Ro s e N. and A b i - R a c h e d J. 2013. Neuro. The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Princeton, Oxford.
R o w s o n J. 2011. Socializing with the Brain. London.
S i n g h I. 2011. A Disorder of Anger and Aggression: Children’s Perspectives on Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in the UK. Social Science and Medicine 73, 889–896.
S i n g h I. and R o s e N. 2009. Biomarkers in Psychiatry. Nature 460 (9), 202–207.
S t o c k l A. 2007. Complex syndromes, ambivalent diagnosis, and existential uncertainty: the case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Social Science and Medicine 65(7), 1549–1559.
T i m m e r m a n s S. and B u c h b i n d e r M. 2010. Patients-in-Waiting: Living between Sickness and Health in the Genomics Era. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51 (4), 408–423.
We s s e l y S. and S i n g h I. 2015. Childhood: A Suitable Case for Treatment. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 661–666.
Wr ó b l e w s k i M. 2017. Biomedycyna w sieciach globalizacji. O wędrujących zaburzeniach psychicznych na przykładzie ADHD. In M. Nowakowski and W. Piątkowski (eds.), Procesy medykalizacji we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Lublin, 147–170.
Wi t e s k a -Mł y n a r c z y k A. 2018a. Enacting ADHD diagnosis in the landscape of care in Poland. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 55–82.
Wi t e s k a -Mł y n a r c z y k A. 2018b. Etyka dnia codziennego w badaniach etnograficznych z dziećmi z diagnozą ADHD. Opis warstwowy. In M. Radkowska-Walkowicz and M. Reimann (eds.), Dzieci i zdrowie. Wstęp do childhood studies. Warsaw, 61–79.
Wi t e s k a - M ł y n a r c z y k A. 2019. Dziecięce doświadczenia ADHD. Etnografia spornej jednostki diagnostycznej. Warsaw.
A r m s t r o n g D. 1994. Bodies of Knowledge/Knowledge of Bodies. In J. Colin and R. Porter (eds.), Reassessing Foucault: Power, Medicine and the Body. London, New York, 17–27.
B é h a g u e D. 2008. The Domains of Psychiatric Practice: From Centre to Periphery. Cultural Medical Psychiatry 32 (2), 140–151.
B é h a g u e D. 2017. Psychiatry, Sex, and Science. The Making of “Adolescent” Motherhood in Southern Brazil. Medical Anthropology 28 (1), 1–16.
B é h a g u e D. and L é z é S. 2015. Shaping the Modern Child. Genealogies and Ethnographies of Developmental Science. Social Science and Medicine 143, 249–254.
Be n d i x Pe t e r s e n E. and Mi l l e i Z. (eds.) 2016. Interrupting the Psy-Disciplines in Education. London.
B l u m L. 2011. “Not This Big, Huge, Racial-Type Thing, but…”: Mothering Children of Color with Invisible Disabilities in the Age of Neuroscience. Sings: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 36 (4), 941–967.
B ü s c h e r M., G o o d w i n D., M e sma n J. (eds.) 2010. Ethnographies of Diagnostic Work. Dimensions of Transformative Practice. New York.
C h o u d h u r y S. 2010. Culturing the Adolescent Brain: What Can Neuroscience Learn from Anthropology? SCAN 5, 159–167.
C l a r k C. D. 2011. In A Younger Voice. Doing Child-Centred Qualitative Research. Oxford.
C l a r k e A., M a m o L., F i s h m a n J. R., F o s k e t J. R., S h i m J. K. 2003. Biomedicalization: Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U. S. Biomedicine. American Sociological Review 68 (2), 161–194.
C l a r k e J. N. and J a m e s S. 2003. The radicalized self: the impact on the self of the contested nature of the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Social Science and Medicine 57(8), 1387–1395.
C o n r a d P. 1976. Identifying Hyperactive Children. The Medicalization of Deviant Behaviour. Lexington, MA.
C o n r a d P. 1992. Medicalization and Social Control. Annual Review of Sociology 18, 209–232.
C o n r a d P. 2007. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore.
C o n r a d P. and B e r g e y M. 2014. The Impending Globalization of ADHD: Notes on the Expansion and Growth of a Medicalized Disorder. Social Science and Medicine 122, 31–43.
C o n r a d P. and P o t t e r D. 2000. From Hyperactive Children to ADHD Adults: Observations on the Expansion of Medical Categories. Social Problems 47 (4), 559–582.
Da s t o n L. (ed.) 2000. Biographies of scientific objects. Chicago, London.
De w K. and J u t e l A. 2014. Introduction. In K. Dew and A. Jutel (eds.), Social Issues in Diagnosis. An Introduction for Students and Clinicians. Chicago, IL, 1–14.
E b e l i n g M. 2011. “Get with the Program!”: Pharmaceutical marketing, symptom checklists and selfdiagnosis. Social Science and Medicine 73, 825–832.
Ga r d n e r J., D e w K., S t u b b e M., D o w e l l T., M a c d o n a l d L. 2011. Patchwork diagnoses. The production of coherence, uncertainty, and manageable bodies. Social Science and Medicine 73, 843–850.
G o o d w i n D. and Mc C o n n e l l T. 2014. Diagnostic Work: A Disorderly Process. In: K. Dew and A. Jutel (eds.), Social Issues in Diagnosis. An Introduction for Students and Clinicians. Chicago, IL, 33–46.
G o r z k o w s k a I. and S a m o c h o w i e c J. 2012. Historia zaburzenia hiperkinetycznego (ADHD) na świecie i w Polsce przed ICD-10 i DSM IV-TR. Psychiatria 9 (3), 91–99.
G u i l l e m i n M. and L. G i l l a m. 2004. Ethics, Reflexivity, and “Ethically Important Moments” in Research. Qualitative Inquiry 10(2), 261–280.
Ha r w o o d V. and A l l a n J. 2014. Psychopathology at School: Theorizing Mental Disorders in School. London.
Ho l l i n G. and P i l n i c k A. 2015. Infancy, Autism, and the Emergence of a Socially Disordered Body. Social Science and Medicine 143, 279–286.
Ho r w i t z A. and Gr o b G. 2016. The Troubled History of Psychiatry’s Quest for Specificity. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 41 (4), 521–539.
J u t e l A. 2011. Putting a Name to It. Diagnosis in Contemporary Society. Baltimore.
J u t e l A. 2018. Foreword. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 7–10.
K i r m a y e r L. and G o l d I. 2012. Re-Socializing Psychiatry. Critical Neuroscience and the Limits of Reductionism. In S. Choudhury and J. Slaby (eds.), Critical Neuroscience: A Handbook of the Social and Cultural Contexts of Neuroscience. Malden, Oxford, Sussex, 307–330.
L a k o f f A. 2005. Diagnostic liquidity: Mental illness and the global trade in DNA. Theory and Society 34, 63–92.
L a t o u r B. 2000. On the Partial Existence of Existing and Nonexisting Objects. In L. Daston (ed.), Biographies of scientific objects. Chicago, London, 247–269.
L e F r a n ç o i s B. 2008. “It’s Like Mental Torture”: Participation and Mental Health Services. International Journal of Children’s Rights 16, 211–227.
L i e g g h i o M. 2016. Too Young to be Mad: Disabling Encounters with ’Normal’ from the Perspectives of Psychiatrized Youth. Intersectionalities: A Global Journal of Social Work Analysis, Polity, and Practice 5 (3), 110–129.
Ma c i e j e w s k a - M ro c z e k E ., R a d k o w s k a -Wa l k ow i c z M., Reimann M., Wi t e s k a - M ł y n a r c z y k A., B o n i Z., K r a w c z a k A. 2015. The Code of Good Practices in Research with Children for Social Sciences, www.childhoods.uw.edu/664–2/, accessed 05.03.2019.
Ma c i e j e w s k a -Mr o c z e k E. and R e i m a n n M. 2017. Kodeks dobrych praktyk w badaniach z dziećmi. O potrzebie tworzenia zasad prowadzenia badań z udziałem dzieci. Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica 18(3), 11–23.
Ma l a c r i d a C. 2004. Medicalization, Ambivalence and Social Control. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8 (1), 61–80.
Me c k e l R. 2013. Classrooms and Clinics. Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870–1930. New Brunswick, New Jersey, London.
Mi l l s Ch. 2014. Psychotropic Childhoods. Global Mental Health and Pharmaceutical Children. Children & Society 28 (3), 194–204.
Mi l l s Ch. In 2018. Children’s Mental Health: Controversy, Complexity and Contestation. In H. Montgomery and M. Robb (eds.), Children and Young People’s Worlds. Maidenhead, 247–264.
Mo l A. 2002. The Body Multiple. Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham, London.
Ni s s e n N. and B e c h R i s ø r M. 2018. Configurations of Diagnostic Processes and Practices: An Introduction. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 11–32.
No w a k o w s k i M. 2015. Medykalizacja i demedykalizacja. Zdrowie i choroba w czasach kapitalizmu dezorganizowanego. Lublin.
P e n k a l a - G a w ę c k a D. 2017. Medykalizacja w perspektywie antropologii medycznej. In M. Nowakowski and W. Piątkowski (eds.), Procesy medykalizacji we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Lublin, 173–194.
P h i l i p s Ch. 2006. Medicine Goes to School: Teachers as Sickness Brokers for ADHD. PLOS Medicine 3 (4), 433–435.
R o s e N. 1999. Governing the Soul. The Shaping of the Private Self. London, New York.
R o s e N. 2006. Disorders without Borders? The Expanding Scope of Psychiatric Practice. BioSocieties 1 (4), 465–484.
R o s e N. 2014. The Human Brain Project: Social and Ethical Challenges. Neuron 82 (6), 1212–1215.
Ro s e N. and A b i - R a c h e d J. 2013. Neuro. The New Brain Sciences and the Management of the Mind. Princeton, Oxford.
R o w s o n J. 2011. Socializing with the Brain. London.
S i n g h I. 2011. A Disorder of Anger and Aggression: Children’s Perspectives on Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in the UK. Social Science and Medicine 73, 889–896.
S i n g h I. and R o s e N. 2009. Biomarkers in Psychiatry. Nature 460 (9), 202–207.
S t o c k l A. 2007. Complex syndromes, ambivalent diagnosis, and existential uncertainty: the case of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Social Science and Medicine 65(7), 1549–1559.
T i m m e r m a n s S. and B u c h b i n d e r M. 2010. Patients-in-Waiting: Living between Sickness and Health in the Genomics Era. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51 (4), 408–423.
We s s e l y S. and S i n g h I. 2015. Childhood: A Suitable Case for Treatment. Lancet Psychiatry 2, 661–666.
Wr ó b l e w s k i M. 2017. Biomedycyna w sieciach globalizacji. O wędrujących zaburzeniach psychicznych na przykładzie ADHD. In M. Nowakowski and W. Piątkowski (eds.), Procesy medykalizacji we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Lublin, 147–170.
Wi t e s k a -Mł y n a r c z y k A. 2018a. Enacting ADHD diagnosis in the landscape of care in Poland. In N. Nissen and M. Bech Risør (eds.), Diagnostic Fluidity: Working with Uncertainty and Mutability. Tarragona, 55–82.
Wi t e s k a -Mł y n a r c z y k A. 2018b. Etyka dnia codziennego w badaniach etnograficznych z dziećmi z diagnozą ADHD. Opis warstwowy. In M. Radkowska-Walkowicz and M. Reimann (eds.), Dzieci i zdrowie. Wstęp do childhood studies. Warsaw, 61–79.
Wi t e s k a - M ł y n a r c z y k A. 2019. Dziecięce doświadczenia ADHD. Etnografia spornej jednostki diagnostycznej. Warsaw.
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Published
2019-12-15
How to Cite
Witeska-Młynarczyk, A. (2019). Neurotechnology Goes to Polish School. An Ethnographic Story About Scanning ADHD. Ethnologia Polona, 40, 67 –. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/ethp/article/view/23
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