The Formation of Hierarchy: Explanation of the Primate Rank-Size Settlements Distribution in Prehistory
Keywords:
hierarchy, population estimates, rank-size rule, settlement systemsAbstract
This paper deals with the formation of the hierarchic settlement systems. The proposed model shows the links between rank-size distribution empirical law and the Xtent model of C. Renfrew and E. Level. The rise of the settlement hierarchies characterized by the primate rank-size distribution could be explained with the increased importance of a single variable, reflecting the political influence of the new centers. Population values increase at least ten times compared to the number of settlements’ inhabitants before the formation of the spatial hierarchy. This model could be applied to corrections of population estimates in archaeology
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References
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Diachenko A. Settlement’s growth as a fractal. In preparation
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Marcus J. and Flannery K.V. 1996. Zapotec Civilization. How urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson
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Thurston T.L. 1997. Historians, prehistorians, and the tyranny of historic record: Danish State formation through documents and archaeological data. In Kepecs S. and Kolb M. (eds.). New Approaches to Combining the Archaeological and Historical Records. Special Guest Edited Volume of the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4, 239–263
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Thurston T.L. 2001. Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict: State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
Thurston T. 2007. The location of power and the art of resistance: spatial analysis and social theory in regional archaeology. In Salisbury R.B. and Keeler D. (eds.). Space — Archaeology’s Final Frontier? An Intercontinental Approach. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 159–191
Woldenberg M.J. 1969. Spatial order in fluvial systems: Horton’s laws derived from mixed hexagonal hierarchies of drainage basin areas. Geological Society of American Bulletin 80(1), 97–112
-
Woldenberg M.J. 1973. An allometric analysis of urban land use in the United States. Ekistics 215, 282–290
Woldenberg M.J. and Berry B.J.L. 1967. Rivers and central places: analogous systems? Journal of Regional Science 7(2), 129–139
-
Zipf G.K. 1965. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. An Introduction to Human Ecology. New York, London: Hafner Publishing Company
Bak P., Tang C. and Wiesenfeld K. 1987. Self-organized criticality: an explanation of 1/f noise. Physical Review Letters 59(4), 381–384
-
Bak P., Tang C. and Wiesenfeld K. 1988. Self-organized criticality. Physical Review A 38(1), 364–375
Beckmann M.J. 1958. City hierarchies and the distribution of city size. Economic Development and Culture Change 6(3), 243–248
-
Beckmann M.J. and McPherson J.C. 1970. City size distribution in a central place hierarchy: an alternative approach. Journal of Regional Science 10(1), 25–33
-
Berry B.J.L. 1961. City size distribution and economic development 1. Economic Development and Culture Change 9(4), 573–588
-
Berry B.J.L. 1967. Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Berry B.J.L. and Garrison W.L. 1958. A note on Central Place Theory and the range of a good. Economic geography 34(4), 304–311
Biehl P.F., Gramsch A. and Marcianic A. (eds.). 2002. Archaeologies of Europe / History, Methods and Theories. Series Tübinger Archäologische Taschenbücher. Münster, New York, München, Berlin: Waxmann
Brakman S. and Garretsen H. 1999. The Return of Zipf: Towards a Further Understanding a Rank-Size Distribution. Journal of Regional Science 39(1), 183–213
-
Brown J.H., Gupta V.K., Li B.-L., Milne B.T., Restrepo C. and West G.B. 2002. The fractal nature of nature: power laws, ecological complexity and biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 357(1421), 619–626
-
Brown C.T., Whitschey W.R.T. and Leibovitch L.S. 2005. Broken past: fractals in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12(1), 37–78
Christaller W. 1966. Central Places in Southern Germany. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Chorley R.J. and Haggett P. (eds.). 1967. Models in Geography. London: Methuen
Clarke D.L.L. (Ed.). 1977. Spatial Archaeology. Cambridge: Peterhouse
Crumley C.L. 1976. Toward a locational definition of state systems of settlement. American Anthropologist. New series 78(1), 59–73
-
Diachenko A. Settlement’s growth as a fractal. In preparation
Drennan R.D. and Peterson C.E. 2004. Comparing archaeological settlement systems with rank-size graphs: a measure of shape and statistical confidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(5): 533–549
-
Flannery K.V. 1998. The ground plans of archaic states. In Feinman G.M. and Marcus J. (eds.). Archaic States. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press, 15–58
Flannery K.V. 2009. Empirical determination of site catchments in Oaxaca and Tehuacán. In Flannery K.V. (ed.). The Early Mesoamerican Village. Updated Edition. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press, 103–116
Flannery K.V. 2009 Linear Stream Patterns and Riverside Settlement Rules. In Flannery K.V. (ed.). The Early Mesoamerican Village. Updated Edition. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press, 173–189
Flannery K.V. and Marcus J. 2005. Excavations at San José Mogote 1. The Household Archaeology. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 13(40). Michigan: Ann Arbor
Haggett P. 1979. Geography. A Modern Synthesis. New York, Hagerstown-Philadelphia, San Francisco, London: Harper and Row
-
Hamilton, M. J., Milne, B. T., Walker, R. S., Burger O., & Brown, J. H. 2007. The complex structure of hunter-gatherer social newtwork. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274(1622), 2195– 2202
Hodder I. 1979. Simulating the growth of hierarchies. In Renfrew C. and Cooke K.L. (eds.), Transformations. Mathematical Approach to Cultural Change. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press, 117–144
Hodder I. and Orton C. 1976. Spatial Analysis in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Kowalewski S.A., Feinman G.M., Finsten L., Blanton R.E. and Nicholas L.M. 1989. Monte Albán’s Hinterland 2. Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in Tlacolula, Etla, and Ocotlan, the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 1(23). Michigan: Ann Arbor
Mandelbrot B.B. (1999). Multifractals and 1/f Noise: Wild Self-Affinity in Physics (1963–1976). New-York: Springer-Verlag
–
Marcus J. and Flannery K.V. 1996. Zapotec Civilization. How urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson
Nordbeck S. 1965. The law of allometric growth. In Nystuen J.D. (ed.). Michigan Inter-University Community of Mathematical Geographers 7. Ann Arbor: Department of Geography, University of Michigan
Nordbeck S. 1971. Urban allometric growth. Geografiska Annaler B 53(1), 54–67
-
O’Brien M.J., Lyman R.L. and Schiffer M.B. 2005. Archaeology as a Process. Processualism and its Progeny. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
Renfrew C. and Bahn P.G. 2004. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. Fourth Edition. New York
Renfrew C. and Level E.V. 1979. Exploring dominance: predicting polities from centers. In Renfrew C. and Cooke K.L. (eds.). Transformations. Mathematical Approach to Cultural Change. New York, San Francisco, London: Academic Press, 145–167
-
Thurston T.L. 1997. Historians, prehistorians, and the tyranny of historic record: Danish State formation through documents and archaeological data. In Kepecs S. and Kolb M. (eds.). New Approaches to Combining the Archaeological and Historical Records. Special Guest Edited Volume of the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4, 239–263
-
Thurston T.L. 2001. Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict: State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
Thurston T. 2007. The location of power and the art of resistance: spatial analysis and social theory in regional archaeology. In Salisbury R.B. and Keeler D. (eds.). Space — Archaeology’s Final Frontier? An Intercontinental Approach. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 159–191
Woldenberg M.J. 1969. Spatial order in fluvial systems: Horton’s laws derived from mixed hexagonal hierarchies of drainage basin areas. Geological Society of American Bulletin 80(1), 97–112
-
Woldenberg M.J. 1973. An allometric analysis of urban land use in the United States. Ekistics 215, 282–290
Woldenberg M.J. and Berry B.J.L. 1967. Rivers and central places: analogous systems? Journal of Regional Science 7(2), 129–139
-
Zipf G.K. 1965. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort. An Introduction to Human Ecology. New York, London: Hafner Publishing Company
Published
2013-01-01
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Diachenko, A. (2013). The Formation of Hierarchy: Explanation of the Primate Rank-Size Settlements Distribution in Prehistory. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 65, 67–77. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/sa/article/view/1171
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