Flints from the Road: on the Significance of two Enigmatic Stone Tools Found along the Darb el-Tawil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23858/APa58.2020.015Keywords:
Egypt, caravan route, sickle element, gunflintAbstract
This paper explores the function and dating of two rectangular flint tools found at different positions along the Darb el-Tawil caravan route. This route directly connecting the Dakhla Oasis with the Nile Valley has seen caravan transport during almost 4500 years from the Old Kingdom to the 20th century. The two flint objects are a rarity along this route but are also not well-known from archaeological sites elsewhere in Egypt. In bringing together the evidence from the site contexts of the current flint tools with parallels related to morphology and technical aspects of types of flint tools known from Egypt or beyond, it is concluded that these artefacts are likely to be interpreted as a sickle element in the one case and a gunflint in the other.
Downloads
References
Anderson, P. C. 2003. Observations on the threshing sledge and its products in ancient and present-day Mesopotamia. In P.C. Anderson, L.S. Cummings, T.K. Schippers and B. Simonel (eds), Le traitement des récoltes: Un regard sur la diversité, du Néolithique au present, 417–438. Antibes.
Anderson, P.C. and Whittaker, J.C. 2014. Blades, sickles, threshing sledges and experimental archaeology in northern Mesopotamia. In A. van Gijn, J.C. Whittaker and P.C. Anderson (eds), Exploring and Explaining Diversity in Agricultural Technology, 161–168. Oxford.
Ballin, T. B. 2012. ‘State of the art’ of British gunflint research, with special focus on the early gunflint workshop at Dun Eistean, Lewis. Post-Medieval Archaeology 46(1): 116–142.
Briois, F. and Midant-Reynes, B. 2014. Sur les traces de Georg August Schweinfurth. Les sites d’exploitation du silex d’époque pharaonique dans le massif du Galâlâ nord (desert Oriental). Bulletin de l´Institut français d’archéologie orientale 114(1): 73–98.
Bubenzer, O., Bolten A. and Riemer, H. 2018. In search of the optimal path to cross the desert: Geoarchaeology traces old Trans-Saharan Routes. In C. Siart, M. Forbriger and O. Bubenzer (eds), Digital geoarchaeology. New techniques for interdisciplinary human-environmental research, 139–148. Berlin.
Driscoll, K., Alcaina, J., Égüez, N., Mangado, X., Fullola, J.-M. and Tejero, J.-M. 2016. Trampled under foot: A quartz and chert human trampling experiment at the Cova del Parco rock shelter, Spain. Quaternary International 424: 130–142.
Giddy, L.L., 1987. Egyptian oases. Bahariya, Dakhla, Farafra and Kharga during Pharaonic times. Warminster.
Hahn, J. 1993. Erkennen und Bestimmen von Stein- und Knochenartefakten. Einführung in die Artefaktmorphologie. Tübingen.
Hope, C.A. and Pettman, A.J. 2012. Egyptian Connections with Dakhleh Oasis in the Early Dynastic Period to Dynasty IV: new data from Mut al-Kharab. In R. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C.A. Hope (eds), The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis project, 147–165. Exeter. Dakhleh Oasis project: Monograph 15.
Jeuthe, C. 2012. Balat X. Ein Werkstattkomplex im Palast der 1. Zwischenzeit in Ayn Asil. Cairo, Fouilles de l’IFAO 71.
Jeuthe, C., Le Provost, V. and Soukiassian, G. 2013. Ayn Asil, palais des gouverneurs du règne de Pépy II. État des recherches sur la partie sud. Bulletin de l´Institut français d’archéologie orientale 113: 203–238.
Kaper, O.E. and Willems, H. 2002. Policing the Desert: Old Kingdom Activity around Dakhleh Oasis. In R. Friedman (ed.), Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert, 79–94. London.
Kenmotsu, N. 1990. Gunflints: A Study. Historical Archaeology 24(2): 92–124.
Kindermann, K. 2010. Djara: Zur mittelholozänen Besiedlungsgeschichte zwischen Niltal und Oasen (Abu-Muharik-Plateau, Ägypten). Cologne.
Kleindienst, M.R., Churcher, C.S., McDonald, M.M. A. and Schwarcz, H.P. 1999. Geography, Geology, Geochronology and Geoarchaeology of the Dakhleh Oasis Region: An Interim Report. In C.S. Churcher and A.J. Mills (eds), Reports from the Survey of the Dakhleh Oasis 1977–1987, 1–54. Oxford.
Kobusiewicz, M. 2015. The Production, Use and Importance of Flint Tools in the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Oxford.
Köhler, E.C., Hart, E. and Klaunzer, M. 2017. Wadi el-Sheikh: A new archaeological investigation of ancient Egyptian chert mines. PLoSOne 12(2): e0170840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170840.
Kolesnik, A. and Holubieva, I. 2018. Gunflints from 16th/17th century archaeological assemblages from the central part of the Severskiy Donets River (south-eastern Ukraine). Archäologische Informationen 41: 131–148.
Lotbiniere, S. de 1977. The Story of the English Gunflint Some Theories and Queries. The Journal of the Arms and Armour Society 9(1): 40–53.
Lotbiniere, S. de 1984. Gunflint recognition. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 13(3): 206–209.
McDonald, M.M.A. 2000. Appendix: The Chipped Stone from Nephthys Hill, Locality 386. In R. Friedman (ed.), Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert, 91–92. London.
Midant-Reynes, B. 1998. Le silex de ‘Ayn-Aṣīl, Oasis de Dakhla – Balat. Cairo.
Moritz, M. 1900. Excursion aux oasis du désert libyque. Bulletin de la Société Khédiviale de Géographie 5(8): 429–475.
Pettman, A.J. 2012. The Date and the Occupation of ‘Ain el-Gazzareen based on Ceramic Evidence. In R. Bagnall, P. Davoli and C.A. Hope (eds), The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis project, 181–208. Exeter, Dakhleh Oasis project: Monograph 15.
Riemer, H. 2011. El Kharafish: The archaeology of Sheikh Muftah pastoral nomads in the desert around Dakhla Oasis (Egypt). Cologne.
Schweinfurth, G. 1885. Kiesel-Nuclei aus der arabischen Wüste. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 17: 128–134.
Skertchly, S.B.J. 1879. On the manufacture of gun-flints, the methods of excavating for flint, the age of palæolithic man, and the connexion between neolithic art and the gun-flint trade. London.
Stapert, D. and Johansen, L. 1999. Flint and pyrite: making fire in the Stone Age. Antiquity 73: 765–777.
Valloggia, M. 1986. Balat I. Le Mastaba de Medou-Nefer, Fascicule II: Planches. Cairo.
Weiner, J. 2012a. Feuerschlagsteine und Feuerzeugung. In H. Floss (ed.), Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, 943–960. Tübingen.
Weiner, J. 2012b. Flintensteine. In H. Floss (ed.), Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, 961–972. Tübingen.
Weiner, J. 2012c. Dreschschlitten. In H. Floss (ed.), Steinartefakte vom Altpaläolithikum bis in die Neuzeit, 973–980. Tübingen.
Whittaker, JC. 2003. Flintknapping. Making and Understanding Stone Tools. Austin.
Whittaker, J.C. 2014.The manufacture and use of threshing sledges. In A. van Gijn, J.C. Whittaker and P.C. Anderson (eds), Exploring and Explaining Diversity in Agricultural Technology, 141–144, 184–189. Oxford.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Archaeologia Polona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
I declare that the manuscript sent is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
I confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors mentioned and that there are no other persons who would meet the criteria for authorship but were not mentioned. In addition, I confirm that the order of the authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all the authors.
I confirm that the correspondent author is the only contact with the Editorial Board in the editorial process, and is responsible for communicating with other authors and informing them about the progress, corrections and final approval of the article.