Olbia in the Hunnic Time. A Historical Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23858/APa62.2024.3673Keywords:
Árheimar, Attila, Cherniakhiv culture, Goths, Huns, Istria, Oium, Olbia Pontica, Roman Empire, Tyras, Jordanes, Ammianus MarcellinusAbstract
In this paper, the author presents the historical background of the period of functioning of the site of Olbia in the Gothic and Hunnic periods. He presents the most important studies on the Goths and Huns in recent decades, reconstructs the course of the Gothic wars (third to sixth centuries) and analyses selected sagas of Germanic mythology. On the basis of this and using the results of the recent archaeological excavations, he formulates the thesis that Olbia, functioning in the Gothic period from the 3rd/4th centuries to the beginning of the 5th century AD, could have been an important administrative centre of pagan Goths who actively fought against their Christianized brethren. He also hypothesizes that it can be identified with the land of Oium (Olbium) and with the Árheimar á Danparstoeðum, the capital of Reiðgotaland, mentioned in the oldest Germanic sagas.
Downloads
References
Ammianus Marcellinus. 1935–1940. Rerum Gestarum. T. E. Page, E. Capps and W. H. D. Rouse (eds), J. Rolfe (transl.). Cambridge.
Anonymus. 1965. Periplous Ponti Euxini. In Geographi Graeci minores 1. K. Müller (ed.). Paris. 1855 (repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1965): 402–423.
Bravo, B. 2021. Pontica varia: Poleis e città, culti e rappresentazioni religiose, thiasoi orfici, organizzazione del commercio, “giustizia privata” nella periferia nord-orientale del mondo greco (secoli VII–IV a.C.). Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Suppléments 63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.efa.14015
Budanova, V. P. 1990. Goty v epokhu velikogo pereseleniya narodov. Saint Petersburg
Cambridge Ancient History. 1998. The Late Empire, AD 337–425. In A. Cameron and P. Garnsey (eds), Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 13. Cambridge.
Claudius Ptolemaeus. 2006. Geographia (lib. 1–8). G. Grasshoff and A. Stückelberger (eds), Klaudios Ptolemaios Handbuch der Geographie, vols. 1–2. Basel.
Dzhakson, T. N. 2001. Austr i görđum: drevnerusskie toponimy v drevneskandinavskikh istochnikakh. Moskva.
Eisenberg, M. and Mordechai, L. 2019. The Justinianic Plague: an interdisciplinary review. Byzantine and Modern Studies 43: 156–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/byz.2019.10
Eliade, M. 1961. Myth and Reality. New York.
Given, J. 2014. The Fragmentary History of Priscus. Merchantville, New Jersey.
Gnecchi-Ruscone, G. A. et al., 2022. Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites. Cell 185(8): 1402–1413.e21. Electronic document: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007. Last access: 5.09.2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007
Godłowski, K. 1991. Jakuszowice – a multi-period settlement in southern Poland. Antiquity 65(248): 662–675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00080297
Goffart, W. 1988. The Narrators of Barbarian History. Princeton.
[Gorokhovskyi], E. L. 1988. Khronologiya Cherniakhovskikh mogil’nikov Lesostepi Ukrainy. In B. A. Rybakov, I. I. Rybakov and V. D. Baran (eds), Trudy V mezhdunarodnogo kongressa arkheologov-slavistov, vol. 4, 34–46. Kyiv.
Gutniska. 1859. Gutniska Urkunder: Guta lag, Guta saga och Gotlands runinskrifte. Språkligt behandlade. C. Säve (ed.). Stockholm.
Gutasagan eller Gutarnas Krönika, 2007. P. Tunstall P. (transl.). Electronic document: http://germanicmythology.com/works/Gutasagan.html accessed. Last access: 30.08.2023.
Harmatta, J. 1951. The Golden Bow of the Huns. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1: 107–151.
Heather, P. 1991. Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford.
Heather, P. 2005. The Fall of the Roman Empire. Oxford.
Heather, P. 2010. Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. New York.
Herodotus. 1920. The Histories. A. D. Godley (transl.). Cambridge.
Herodotus. 2015. Herodoti Historiae (2 vols.), N. G. Wilson (ed.). Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00271219
James, E. 2009. Europe’s Barbarians, AD 200–600. London.
Jordanes. 2020 “Romana” and “Getica”. P. Van Nuffelen and L. Van Hoof (transl.). Translated texts for historians 75. Liverpool.
Kienast, D., Eck, W. and Heil, M. 2017. Theodosius I. In Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie, 323–326. Darmstadt. Electronic document: https://archive.org/details/romische-kaisertabelle/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater. Last access: 6.12.2023.
Kim, H. J. 2013. The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920493
Kim, H. J. 2015. The Huns. London–New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315661704
Kim, H. J. 2017. The Political Organization of Steppe Empires and their Contribution to Eurasian Interconnectivity: The Case of the Huns and Their Impact on the Frankish West. In H. J. Kim, F. J. Vervaet and S. F. Adali (eds), Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Age. Contact and Exchange Between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China, 15–33. Cambridge.
Kotula, T. 1994. Cesarz Klaudiusz II i Bellum Gothicum lat 269–270. Wrocław.
Krapivina, V. V. 2013. Pozdneantichniy period istorii Ol’vii Pontiyskoy. Vestnik drevney istorii 1(284): 77–94.
Kulikowski, M. 2006. Rome’s Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge–New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139167277
Kulikowski, M. 2009. Review of James (2009). The American Historical Review 115(4): 1201–1202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.4.1201
Kulikowski, M. 2010, review of Heather (2010). The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42(2): 277–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/JINH_r_00217
László, G. 1951. The Significance of the Hun Golden Bow. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1: 91–106.
Leypunskaya, N. A. 2006. Detskoe pogrebenie III–IV vv. iz Ol’vii. In D. V. Zhuravlev (ed.), Severnoe Prichernomor’e v epokhu antichnosti i srednevekov’ya. Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya 159, 187–188. Moskva.
Lyubichev, M. B and Myzgin, K. V. 2014. Yuzhnaya granitsa areala chernyakhovskoy kul’tury v dneprodonetskoy lesostepi: sovremennye predstavleniya. Cherniakhivska kultura. Oium 4: 58–71.
Maas, M. (ed.) 2015. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9781139128964
Magomedov, B. 2020. Gorod Ol’viya: chernyahovskiy gorizont. Keramika iz fondov Instituta Arkheologii NANU. Stratum Plus 4: 219–226.
Maenchen-Helfen, O. J. 1959. The Ethnic Name Hun. In S. Egerod (ed.), Studia Serica Bernhard Karlgren dedicata, 223–238. Copenhagen.
Maenchen-Helfen, O. J. 1973. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. Max Knight (ed.). University of California Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520310773
Maenchen-Helfen, O. J. 1978. Die Welt der Hunnen: Eine Analyse ihrer historischen Dimension. Vienna–Cologne–Graz. Reprint in 2014; extended translation of the English edition. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205107774
Nestle, W. 1975. Vom Mythos zum Logos: Die Selbstentfaltung Des griechischen Denkens Von Homer Bis Auf Die Sophistik Und Sokrates. Stuttgart.
Orosius Paulus. 1889. Pauli Orosii Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII. C. Zangemeister (transl.). Lipsiae.
Philostorgius. 1981. Kirchengeschichte. J. Bidez and F. Winkelman (eds), Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 21. Berlin. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110299687
Pritsak, O. 1981. The origin of Rus. Harvard.
Pritsak, O. 1993. Hlǫðskviða. In Ph. Pulsiano and K. Wolf. (eds), Medieval Scandinavia, and encyclopedia, 286–287. New York–London.
Rousseau, P. 1992. Visigothic Migration and Settlement, 376–418: Some Excluded Hypotheses. Historia 41(3): 345–361.
Rubin, Z. 1981. The Conversion of the Visigoths to Christianity. Museum Helveticum 38(1): 34–54.
Shchukin, M. B. 2005. Gotskiy put’ (Goty, Rim i Chernyakhovskaya kul’tura). Saint Petersburg.
Sinor, D. 1990. The Hun Period. In D. Sinor (ed.), The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, 177–203. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.008
Sozomenus.1960. Kirchengeschichte. J. Bidez and G. C. Hansen (eds), Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller 50. Berlin.
Stobbe, A., Bujskikh [Buiskykh], A., Rühl, L. and Seuffert, L. 2019. An amphora with millet from the Roman citadel at Olbia Pontica, Ukraine. Archäologische Berichte 30: 251–258.
Strid, J. P. 2011. Retracing the Goths. In A. Kaliff and L. Munkhammar (eds), Wulfila 311–2011: international symposium: Uppsala University June 15–18, 2011, 41–54. Uppsala. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
Strzelczyk, J. 1984. Goci. Rzeczywistość i legenda, Warszawa.
Szada, M. 2020. The Missing Link: The Homoian Church in the Danubian Provinces and Its Role in the Conversion of the Goths. Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity 3(24): 549–584. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/zac-2020-0053
Tolkien, Ch. 1953–1957, The Battle of the Goths and the Huns. In Saga-Book, vol. 14, 141–163. London.
Tolkien, Ch. 1960. The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise. London.
Twardecki, A. and Buiskikh [Buiskykh], A. 2020, The Cherniakhov Culture in Olbia Pontica in the light of Polish-Ukrainian excavations 2016–2018, Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 73(2): 251–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23858/SA/73.2021.2.2166
de Vries, J. 1977. Altnordisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. Brill.
Ward-Perkins, B. 2009. Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric. Journal of Roman Studies 99: 296–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3815/007543509789744846
Wolfram, H. 1990. History of the Goths. Berkeley–Los Angeles.
Wolfram, H. 1997. The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London.
Zin’kovskaya, I. V. 2010. Korolevstvo Ermanarikha: istochniki i istoriografiya. Voronezh.
Zosimus. 1814. New History (English Translation, transl. Anoymus). Electronic document: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/zosimus/zosimus-new-history-5/zosimus-new-history-5.26/. Last access: 3.10.2024.
Zosimus. 1971–1989. Paschoud F. Zosime. Histoire nouvelle 1 (1971), 2.1–2.2 (1979), 3.1 (1986), 3.2 (1989). Paris.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Archaeologia Polona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
I declare that the manuscript sent is original, has not been published before and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
I confirm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors mentioned and that there are no other persons who would meet the criteria for authorship but were not mentioned. In addition, I confirm that the order of the authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all the authors.
I confirm that the correspondent author is the only contact with the Editorial Board in the editorial process, and is responsible for communicating with other authors and informing them about the progress, corrections and final approval of the article.
