Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile delta : preliminary report 2008-2010
Słowa kluczowe:
predynastyczny o.-o. Starego Państwa -- Egipt, cmentarzyska starożytnego Egiptu, wyposażenie grobów starożytnego Egiptu, Tell el-Farkha (Egipt)Abstrakt
The main aim of the 2008-10 campaigns was to excavate the deepest layers in the western part of the Western Kom, to finish excavations in a trench marked out in 2000 at the Central Kom, as well as examination of the settlement and further graves discovered at the Eastern Kom. At the Western Kom, new architectural remains were discovered. Analyses of tools used to stone vessels production, as well as animal remains suggest that the area, also in the Proto-Dynastic period, was connected with a local elite. At the Central Kom, relicts of a Lower Egyptian settlement, evidently divided into different zones, were recognized. There, the most valuable artefacts connected with this culture were found, many of them imported from the south. It is evident that the contacts between the Delta and Upper Egypt must have been far more developed than it had been previously suggested. At the Eastern Kom, 48 graves were excavated. They are dated to a period from Naqada IIIB to the Old Kingdom and represent three distinct cemeteries. Undoubtedly, some of them were freestanding mastabas from the Proto-Dynastic period. In other graves, a few new serekhs of the kings of Dynasty 0 were discovered
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Bibliografia
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Allen, S. J., 1997, Spinning bowls : representation and reality. In: J. Phillips (ed.), Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Near East : studies in honour of Martha Rhoads Bell, San Antonio, 17-38
Breand, G., 2009, The corpus of pre-firing potmarks from Adaima (Upper Egypt. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 13, 49-72
Brewer, D., Friedman, R., 1989, Fish and fishing in ancient Egypt. Warminster, 21-22
Brunton, G., 1948, Matmar, London , pl. 16
Buchez, N., Midant-Reynes, D., A tale of two funerary traditions : the Predynastic cemetery at Kom el-Khilgan, Eastern Delta. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 831-858
Chłodnicki, K. M., Ciałowicz, K. M. [et al.], 2002, Tell el-Farkha seasons 1998-199 : preliminary repor. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 58, 100-106
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, T. Herbich, M.S. Jórdeczka, M. Jucha, J. Kabaciński, L. Kubiak-Martens, A. Mączyńska, 2002 (2003), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 1998-2001, Archeologia 53, 63-119
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, J. Dębowska, M. Jucha, R. Kirkowski, A. Mączyńska, 2004 (2005), Polishe Excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2002-200., Archeologia 55, 47-74
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, K. Cichowski, J. Dębowska-Ludwin, M. Jucha, J. Kabaciński, M. Kaczmarek, M. Pawlikowski, G. Pryc, A. Rewekant, M. Skrzypczak, P. Szejnoga, M. Wasilewski, 2006 (2007), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2004 -2005, Archeologia 57, 71-128
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, J. Dębowska-Ludwin, M. Jucha, A. Mączyńska, G. Pryc, M. Rozwadowski, M. Sobas, 2008 (2010), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2006-2007., Archeologia 59, 81-151
Chłodnicki, M., Fattovich, R., Salvatori, S., 1991, Italian excavations in the delta : fresh data and new hypothesis on the 4th Millennium cultural development of egyptian prehistory. Rivista di Archeologia 15, 5-33
Chłodnicki, M., Fattovich, R., Salvatori, S., 1992, The Italian archaeological mission of the C.S.R.L. : Venice to the Eastern Nile Delta : a preliminary report of the 1987-1988 field season. Cahier de Recherches de l'Institute de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 14, 46-53
Ciałowicz, K. M. , The Early Dynastic administrative-cultic centre at Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 763-800
Ciałowicz, K. M. , 2009, Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006. Recherches Archéologiques. Nouvelle Serie 1, Kraków, 429-456
Ciałowicz, K. M. , 2008, Gazelles and ostriches from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 10, Kraków, 21-34
Ciałowicz, K. M. , The nature of the relation between Lower and Upper Egypt in the Protodynastic period : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 2, 505-510
Cichowski K., The brewery complex from Tell el-Farkha : archaeological aspects of the discover. In: Egypt at its Origins 2, 33-40
Czarnowicz, M., 2011, Between core and periphery : early contacts between Egypt and the southern Levant in light of excavations at Tell el Farkha, Eastern Nile Dela. In: J. MYNAROVA (ed.), Egypt and the Near East : the crossroads, Prague, 1-22
Czarnowicz, M., 2012, Copper Objects. In: M. Chłodnicki, K. M. Ciałowicz, A. Mączyńska(eds.), Tell el-Farkha. 1, Excavations 1998-2011. Poznań-Kraków, 345-355
Dębowska-Ludwin, J., 2011, Early Egyptian tomb security : middle class burials from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 15, Kraków, 29-36
Dębowska- Ludwin, J., 2010, Multiple and disordered burials as special funerary practices in early Egypt : examples from Tell el-Farkha. Folia Orientalia 47, 371-378
Dębowska- Ludwin, J., Sepulchral architecture in detail : new data from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 262 -263
Dębowska-Ludwin, J., Jucha, M. A., Kołodziejczyk, P., Pryc, G., Tell el-Farkha (2009 season ): grave no. 100. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 14, Kraków, 23-42
Emery, W. B., 1961, Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth , 213
Friedman, R., The ceremonial centre at Hierakonpolis locality HK 29A. In: Aspects of Early Egypt, 24-29
Friedman, R. F., Fiske, P. N. (eds.), 2011, Egyptat its origins. 3, Proceedings of the third international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', London, 27th July - 1st August 2008. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 205, Leuven
Friedman, R., Hierakonpolis locality HK29A : the Predynastic ceremonial centre revisited. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt 45, 98
Grajetzki, W., 2004, Tarkhan :aA cemetery at the time of Egyptian state formation. London, 39
Guyot, F., in print, Tell el-Iswid (Delta du Nil) : le matériel céramique du IVe millénaire avant notre ère
Hendrickx, S., 1994, Elkab. 5, The Naqada III cemetery. Bruxelles, 48
Hendrickx, S., 1999, Le chronologie de la préhistoire tardive et des débuts de l'histoire de l'Egypte. Archéo-Nil 9, 31
Hendrickx, S., The relative chronology of the culture (unpublished text delivered at the British Museum Colloquium on "Early Egypt," London, July 22nd, 1993), 92
Hendrickx, S. The relative chronology of the Lower Egyptian culture (unpublished text delivered at the British Museum Colloquium on "Early Egypt"), London, 22nd July 1993, 91
Hendrickx, S., Friedman, R. F., Ciałowicz, K. M., Chłodnicki , M. (eds.), 2004 Egypt at its Origins :Studies in memory of Barbara Adams : proceedings of the international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', Kraków, 28th August - 1st September 2002. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138, Leuven
Hikade, T., 2000, From chiefdom to kingdom and back : a contribution based on the lithic analysis from square 10n5w at Nekhen. Nekhen News 12, 15
Jucha, M. J., 2009, Beer jars of III period : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: T. I. Rzeuska, A. Wodzińska (eds.), Studies on Old Kingdom pottery. Warsaw, 49-60
Jucha, M.A., The development of pottery production during the Early Dynastic period and the beginning of the Old Kingdom : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 967-970
Jucha, M. A., 2009 (2012), New Protodynastic serekhs from the Nile Delta : the case of finds from Tell el-Farkha. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 21, 625-641
Jucha, M., 2005, Tell el-Farkha. 2, The pottery of the Predynastic settlement. Kraków-Poznań
Jucha, M. A., 2008, Wavy-handled and cylindrical jars in the Nile Delta : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 12, Kraków, 63-74
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Krzyżaniak, L., Kroeper, K., Kobusiewicz, M., (eds.), 2003, Cultural markers in the later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and recent research. Poznań
Linseele, V., Van Neer, W., 2003, Gourmets or priests?: fauna from the Predynastic temple. Nekhen News 15, 7
Mączyńska, A., Lower Egyptian culture from the Central Tell at Tell el-Farkha (Nile Delta). In: Cultural markers, 213-226
Mączyńska, A., The lower Egyptian-Naqada transition : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 888-889
Mączyńska, A., Pottery tradition at Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 1, 429
Midant-Reynes, B., Tristant, Y., Rowland, J., Hendrickx , S. (eds.), 2008, Egypt at its origins. 2. Proceedings of the international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', Toulouse (France), 5th - 8th September 2005, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 172, Leuven
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Nordström, A., Burriau, J. D., 1993, Ceramic technolog y : clays and fabrics. In: D. Arnold, J. D. Burriau (eds.), An introduction to ancient Egyptian pottery. Mainz, 170-182
Pawlikowski, M., Dębowska-Ludwin, J., 2010, Mineralogical investigation of organic material from Protodynastic and Old Kingdom graves at the cemetery in Tell el-Farkha, the Nile Delta, Egypt. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 14, Kraków, 43-54
Payne, J. C., 1993, Catalogue of Predynastic Egyptian collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1954, Ceremonial slate palettes : corpus of Proto-Dynastic pottery, London
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1921, Prehistoric Egypt : corpus of prehistoric pottery and palettes. London
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1974, Tools and weapons. Warminster, 19
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Adams, B., Porat, N., Imported Pottery with Potmarks from Abydos. In: Aspects of early Egypt. 99, 105
Allen, S. J., 1997, Spinning bowls : representation and reality. In: J. Phillips (ed.), Ancient Egypt, the Aegean, and the Near East : studies in honour of Martha Rhoads Bell, San Antonio, 17-38
Breand, G., 2009, The corpus of pre-firing potmarks from Adaima (Upper Egypt. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 13, 49-72
Brewer, D., Friedman, R., 1989, Fish and fishing in ancient Egypt. Warminster, 21-22
Brunton, G., 1948, Matmar, London , pl. 16
Buchez, N., Midant-Reynes, D., A tale of two funerary traditions : the Predynastic cemetery at Kom el-Khilgan, Eastern Delta. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 831-858
Chłodnicki, K. M., Ciałowicz, K. M. [et al.], 2002, Tell el-Farkha seasons 1998-199 : preliminary repor. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 58, 100-106
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, T. Herbich, M.S. Jórdeczka, M. Jucha, J. Kabaciński, L. Kubiak-Martens, A. Mączyńska, 2002 (2003), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 1998-2001, Archeologia 53, 63-119
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, J. Dębowska, M. Jucha, R. Kirkowski, A. Mączyńska, 2004 (2005), Polishe Excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2002-200., Archeologia 55, 47-74
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, K. Cichowski, J. Dębowska-Ludwin, M. Jucha, J. Kabaciński, M. Kaczmarek, M. Pawlikowski, G. Pryc, A. Rewekant, M. Skrzypczak, P. Szejnoga, M. Wasilewski, 2006 (2007), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2004 -2005, Archeologia 57, 71-128
Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M. with contributions by R. Abłamowicz, J. Dębowska-Ludwin, M. Jucha, A. Mączyńska, G. Pryc, M. Rozwadowski, M. Sobas, 2008 (2010), Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile Delta : preliminary report 2006-2007., Archeologia 59, 81-151
Chłodnicki, M., Fattovich, R., Salvatori, S., 1991, Italian excavations in the delta : fresh data and new hypothesis on the 4th Millennium cultural development of egyptian prehistory. Rivista di Archeologia 15, 5-33
Chłodnicki, M., Fattovich, R., Salvatori, S., 1992, The Italian archaeological mission of the C.S.R.L. : Venice to the Eastern Nile Delta : a preliminary report of the 1987-1988 field season. Cahier de Recherches de l'Institute de Papyrologie et d'Égyptologie de Lille 14, 46-53
Ciałowicz, K. M. , The Early Dynastic administrative-cultic centre at Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 763-800
Ciałowicz, K. M. , 2009, Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006. Recherches Archéologiques. Nouvelle Serie 1, Kraków, 429-456
Ciałowicz, K. M. , 2008, Gazelles and ostriches from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 10, Kraków, 21-34
Ciałowicz, K. M. , The nature of the relation between Lower and Upper Egypt in the Protodynastic period : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 2, 505-510
Cichowski K., The brewery complex from Tell el-Farkha : archaeological aspects of the discover. In: Egypt at its Origins 2, 33-40
Czarnowicz, M., 2011, Between core and periphery : early contacts between Egypt and the southern Levant in light of excavations at Tell el Farkha, Eastern Nile Dela. In: J. MYNAROVA (ed.), Egypt and the Near East : the crossroads, Prague, 1-22
Czarnowicz, M., 2012, Copper Objects. In: M. Chłodnicki, K. M. Ciałowicz, A. Mączyńska(eds.), Tell el-Farkha. 1, Excavations 1998-2011. Poznań-Kraków, 345-355
Dębowska-Ludwin, J., 2011, Early Egyptian tomb security : middle class burials from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 15, Kraków, 29-36
Dębowska- Ludwin, J., 2010, Multiple and disordered burials as special funerary practices in early Egypt : examples from Tell el-Farkha. Folia Orientalia 47, 371-378
Dębowska- Ludwin, J., Sepulchral architecture in detail : new data from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 262 -263
Dębowska-Ludwin, J., Jucha, M. A., Kołodziejczyk, P., Pryc, G., Tell el-Farkha (2009 season ): grave no. 100. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 14, Kraków, 23-42
Emery, W. B., 1961, Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth , 213
Friedman, R., The ceremonial centre at Hierakonpolis locality HK 29A. In: Aspects of Early Egypt, 24-29
Friedman, R. F., Fiske, P. N. (eds.), 2011, Egyptat its origins. 3, Proceedings of the third international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', London, 27th July - 1st August 2008. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 205, Leuven
Friedman, R., Hierakonpolis locality HK29A : the Predynastic ceremonial centre revisited. Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt 45, 98
Grajetzki, W., 2004, Tarkhan :aA cemetery at the time of Egyptian state formation. London, 39
Guyot, F., in print, Tell el-Iswid (Delta du Nil) : le matériel céramique du IVe millénaire avant notre ère
Hendrickx, S., 1994, Elkab. 5, The Naqada III cemetery. Bruxelles, 48
Hendrickx, S., 1999, Le chronologie de la préhistoire tardive et des débuts de l'histoire de l'Egypte. Archéo-Nil 9, 31
Hendrickx, S., The relative chronology of the culture (unpublished text delivered at the British Museum Colloquium on "Early Egypt," London, July 22nd, 1993), 92
Hendrickx, S. The relative chronology of the Lower Egyptian culture (unpublished text delivered at the British Museum Colloquium on "Early Egypt"), London, 22nd July 1993, 91
Hendrickx, S., Friedman, R. F., Ciałowicz, K. M., Chłodnicki , M. (eds.), 2004 Egypt at its Origins :Studies in memory of Barbara Adams : proceedings of the international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', Kraków, 28th August - 1st September 2002. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 138, Leuven
Hikade, T., 2000, From chiefdom to kingdom and back : a contribution based on the lithic analysis from square 10n5w at Nekhen. Nekhen News 12, 15
Jucha, M. J., 2009, Beer jars of III period : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: T. I. Rzeuska, A. Wodzińska (eds.), Studies on Old Kingdom pottery. Warsaw, 49-60
Jucha, M.A., The development of pottery production during the Early Dynastic period and the beginning of the Old Kingdom : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 967-970
Jucha, M. A., 2009 (2012), New Protodynastic serekhs from the Nile Delta : the case of finds from Tell el-Farkha. Polish Archaeology in Mediterranean 21, 625-641
Jucha, M., 2005, Tell el-Farkha. 2, The pottery of the Predynastic settlement. Kraków-Poznań
Jucha, M. A., 2008, Wavy-handled and cylindrical jars in the Nile Delta : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 12, Kraków, 63-74
Klasens, A., 1958, The excavations of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities at Abu Roash : report of the first season : 1957, Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 39, 24
Klasens, A., 1960, The excavations of the Leiden Museum of Antiquities at Abu Roash : Report Of The Third Season: 1959. Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden 41, 78
Köhler, E. CH. The pre- and early Dynastic pottery of Tell el-Fara'in/Buto. In: Nile Delta, 11-22
Köhler, S., Tell el-Fara'in Buto. 3, Die Keramik von der späten Naqada-Kultur bis zum frühen Alten Reich (Schichten III bis VI), Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 94, Mainz am Rhein
Kopp, P., 2006, Elephantine 32, Die Siedlung der Naqadazeit. AV 118, Mainz am Rhein, pl. 2
Kroeper, K., 1988, The eExcavations of the Munich East-Delta Expedition in Minshat Abu Omar. In: E.C.M. Van Den Brink (ed.), The archaeology of the Nile Delta : Problems and Priorities. Amsterdam, 14-16
Kroeper, K., Wildung, D., 1985, Minshat Abu Omar : Münchner Ostdelta-Expedition :. Vorbericht 1978-1984. Schriften aus der München Ägyptischen Sammlung 3, München, 88
Kroeper, K., Wildung, D., 2000, Minshat Abu Omar I : ein vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Friedhof im Nildelta : Gräber 115-204. Mainz
Krzyżaniak, L., Kroeper, K., Kobusiewicz, M., (eds.), 2003, Cultural markers in the later Prehistory of Northeastern Africa and recent research. Poznań
Linseele, V., Van Neer, W., 2003, Gourmets or priests?: fauna from the Predynastic temple. Nekhen News 15, 7
Mączyńska, A., Lower Egyptian culture from the Central Tell at Tell el-Farkha (Nile Delta). In: Cultural markers, 213-226
Mączyńska, A., The lower Egyptian-Naqada transition : a view from Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 3, 888-889
Mączyńska, A., Pottery tradition at Tell el-Farkha. In: Egypt at its Origins 1, 429
Midant-Reynes, B., Tristant, Y., Rowland, J., Hendrickx , S. (eds.), 2008, Egypt at its origins. 2. Proceedings of the international conference 'Origin of the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt', Toulouse (France), 5th - 8th September 2005, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 172, Leuven
Needler, W., 1984, Predynastic and archaic Egypt in The Brooklyn Museum. New York
Nordström, A., Burriau, J. D., 1993, Ceramic technolog y : clays and fabrics. In: D. Arnold, J. D. Burriau (eds.), An introduction to ancient Egyptian pottery. Mainz, 170-182
Pawlikowski, M., Dębowska-Ludwin, J., 2010, Mineralogical investigation of organic material from Protodynastic and Old Kingdom graves at the cemetery in Tell el-Farkha, the Nile Delta, Egypt. In: Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 14, Kraków, 43-54
Payne, J. C., 1993, Catalogue of Predynastic Egyptian collection in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1954, Ceremonial slate palettes : corpus of Proto-Dynastic pottery, London
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1921, Prehistoric Egypt : corpus of prehistoric pottery and palettes. London
Petrie, W. M. F. , 1974, Tools and weapons. Warminster, 19
Petrie, W. M. F. , Quibell, J. E., 1896, Naqada and Ballas, London , pl. LXV, 17
Rizkana, I., Seeher, J., 1989, Maadi. 3, The nonlithic small finds and the structural remains of the Predynastic settlemen : excavations at the Predynastic site of Maadi and its cemeteries cond. by M. Amer and I. Rizkana on beh. of Dep. of Geogr., Fac. of Arts of Cairo Un. 1930-1953. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 80, Mainz am Rhein
Seeher, J., 1990, Maadi : eine prädynastische Kulturgruppe zwischen Oberägypten und Palästina. Prähistorische Zeitschrift 65, 141
Segal, I., Halicz, L., Kamenski, A., 2004, The metallurgical remains from Ashqelon, Afridar - areas E, G and H. Atiqot 45, fig. 1: 12, 13
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2010-01-01
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Chłodnicki, M., Ciałowicz, K. M., Czarnowicz, M., Dębowska-Ludwin, J., Jórdeczka, M., Jucha, M. A., Mączyńska, A., Mrozek-Wysocka, M., Rozwadowski, M., & Socha, M. (2010). Polish excavations at Tell el-Farkha (Ghazala) in the Nile delta : preliminary report 2008-2010. Archeologia, 61, 119–170. Pobrano z https://journals.iaepan.pl/arch/article/view/520
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