The dead don’t bury themselves: reflections on atypical burial arrangements and gender in Mierzanowice culture cemeteries
Reflections on Atypical Burial Arrangements and Gender in Mierzanowice Culture Cemeteries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23858/SA71.2019.003Keywords:
Mierzanowice culture, Early Bronze Age, atypical burials, gender, bioarchaeology, osteoarchaeologyAbstract
Many archaeological and bioarchaeological studies of the past—and too many in the present day—have confined their investigations of gender to an assumed male/female, man/woman binary. Many Early Bronze Age cemeteries in Central Europe offer the possibility of going beyond the binary, thanks to their richly and complexly gendered burial practices. In this study, 12 burials from three Mierzanowice Culture cemeteries in Poland are investigated bioarchaeologically. These burials are of particular interest because each one in its own way deviates from the typical manifestations of gender in the mortuary practices of this time. Questions are raised, and potential implications are discussed relating to conceptions of gender in these Early Bronze Age communities.
Downloads
References
Armelagos G. 1998. Introduction: sex, gender, and health status in prehistoric and contemporary populations. In A. Grauer and P. Stuart-Macadam (eds), Sex and gender in paleopathological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-10.
Bąbel J. 2013. Cmentarzyska społeczności kultury mierzanowickiej na Wyżynie Sandomierskiej. Część 1: Obrządek Pogrzebowy. Rzeszów: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.
Baczyńska B. 1994. Cmentarzysko kutury mierzanowickiej w Szarbi, woj. kieleckie. Studium obrządku pogrzebowego. Kraków: Secesja.
Baczyńska B. 2000a. (Unpublished) Szarbia: stanowisko 14, gm. Koniusza, woj. małopolskie. Kraków: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
Baczyńska B. 2000b. (Unpublished) Szarbia, gmina Koniusza, województwo małopolskie, stanowisko 14, wykop I/2000: opisy obiektów 1-51. Kraków: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk.
Bass W. 2005. Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual. 5th edition. Springfield, MO: Missouri Archaeological Society.
Bird C. and Rieker P. 2008. Gender and health: The effects of constrained choices and social policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brooks S. and Suchey J. 1990. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Human Evolution 5, 227-238.
Bruzek J. 2002. A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117(2), 157-168.
Buikstra J. and Ubelaker D. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
Butler J. 2006. Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
Czebreszuk J. 2013. The Bronze Age in the Polish lands. In H. Fokkens and A. Harding (eds), The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 767-786.
Geller P. 2008. Conceiving sex: fomenting a feminist bioarchaeology. Journal of Social Archaeology 8(1), 113-138.
Geller P. 2017. The bioarchaeology of socio-sexual lives: queering common sense about sex, gender, and sexuality. Switzerland: Springer International.
Gleń-Haduch E., Szostek K. and Głąb H. 1997. Cribra orbitalia and trace element content in human teeth from Neolithic and Early Bronze Age graves in southern Poland. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 103(2), 201-207.
Górski J. Jarosz P., Tunia K., Wilk S. and Włodarczak P. 2013. New evidence on the absolute chronology of early Mierzanowice culture in south-eastern Poland. In M. Baertelheim, J. Peška and J. Turek (eds), From copper to bronze. Cultural and social transformations at the turn of
the 3rd/2nd millennia B.C. in Central Europe. Langenweissbach: Beier & Beran. Archäologische Fachliteratur, 105–118.
Grauer A. and Stuart-Macadam P. (eds) 1998. Sex and gender in paleopathological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grémaux R. 1996. Woman becomes man in the Balkans. In G. Herdt (ed.), Third sex third gender: Beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history. New York: Zone Books, 241-281.
Haduch E. 1997. Ludność kultury mierzanowickiej z Szarbi, woj. kieleckie na tle populacji środkowoeuropejskich z wczesnego okresu epoki brązu. Kraków: Wydawnictwo PiT.
Haig D. 2004. The inexorable rise of gender and the decline of sex: social change in academic titles, 1945–2001. Archives of Sexual Behavior 33(2), 87-96.
Herodotus. 2014. Histories. J. Romm (ed.). P. Mensch (tran.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
Hollimon S. 1996. Sex, gender, and health among the Chumash: an archaeological examination of prehistoric gender roles. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 9, 205-208.
Johnson M. 2011. Archaeological theory: an introduction. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Kadrow S. 1994. From nomadism to the sedentary way of life. A case of the evolution of the late Neolithic and the Early Bronze age communities in south-eastern Poland: 2900–1650 BC. Baltic-Pontic Studies 2, 71-85.
Kadrow S. and Machnik J. 1997. Kultura mierzanowicka: chronologia, taksonomia i rozwój przestrzenny. Kraków: Polska Akademia Nauk, Oddział w Krakowie.
Kadrow S., Machnikowa A. and Machnik J. 1992. Iwanowice, stanowisko Babia Góra: część II. Cmentarzysko z wczesnego okresu epoki brązu. Kraków: Secesja.
Kempisty A. 1978. Schyłek neolitu i początek epoki brązu na Wyżynie Małopolskiej w świetle badań nad kopcami. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Koziol K. 2012. Performances of imposed status: captivity at Cahokia. In D. Martin, R. Harrod and V. Pérez (eds), The bioarchaeology of violence. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 226-250.
Larsen C. 1998. Gender, health, and activity in foragers and farmers in the American Southeast: Implications for social organization in the Georgia Bight. In A. Grauer and P. Stuart-Macadam (eds), Sex and gender in paleopathological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 165-187.
Lorkiewicz W. 2011. Nonalimentary tooth use in the Neolithic population of the Lengyel Culture in Central Poland (4600-4000 BC). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144(4), 538-551.
Lovejoy C.O. 1985. Dental wear in the Libben population: its functional pattern and role in the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 47-56.
Lovejoy C.O., Meindl R., Pryzbeck T. and Mensforth R. 1985. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68(1), 15-28.
Mann R. and Hunt D. 2005. Photographic regional atlas of bone disease: A guide to pathologic and normal variation in the human skeleton. 2nd edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Marková K. and Ilon G. 2013. Slovakia and Hungary. In H. Fokkens and A. Harding (eds), The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 813-836.
Martin D. 1997. Violence against women in the La Plata River Valley (A.D. 1000-1300). In D. Frayer and D. Martin (eds), Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 45-76.
Meindl R. and Lovejoy C.O. 1985. Ectocranial suture closure: A revised method for the determination of skeletal age-at-death based on the lateral-anterior sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68(1), 57-66.
Meindl R., Lovejoy C.O., Mensforth R. and Don Carlos L. 1985. Accuracy and direction of error in the sexing of the skeleton: implications for paleodemography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68(1), 79-85.
Milner G. and Larsen C. 1991. Teeth as artifacts of human behavior: intentional mutilation and accidental modification. In M. Kelley and C. Larsen (eds), Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss, 357-378.
Money J. 1955. Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in Hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 96(6), 253.
Nanda S. 2014. Gender diversity. 2nd edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Ortner D. (ed.) 2003. Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press.
O’Shea J. 1996. Villagers of the Maros: a portrait of an Early Bronze Age society. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Parker Pearson. 1999. The archaeology of death and burial. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
Phenice T.W. 1969. A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 30(2), 297-301.
Pokutta D. 2013. Population dynamics, Diet and migrations of the Únětice culture in Poland. Dissertation, University of Gothenburg.
Porčić M. and Stefanović S. 2009. Physical activity and social status in Early Bronze Age Society: The Mokrin necropolis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28(3), 259-273.
Robb J. 1997. Violence and gender in Italy. In D. Frayer and D. Martin (eds), Troubled times: Violence and warfare in the past. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 111-144.
Ruff C., Holt B., Niskanen M., Sladék V., Berner M., Garofalo E., Garvin H., Hora M., Maijanen H., Niinimäki S., Salo K., Schuplerová E. and Tompkins D. 2012. Stature and body mass estimation from skeletal remains in the European Holocene. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148(4), 601-617.
Scheuer L. and Black S. 2000. Developmental juvenile osteology. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Sofaer J. 2006. The body as material culture: A theoretical osteoarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sosna D. 2007. Social differentiation in the Late Copper Age and the Early Bronze Age in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.
Sosna D., Galeta P. and Sládek V. 2008. A resampling approach to gender relations: the Rebešovice cemetery. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(2), 342-354.
Todd T.W. 1920. Age changes in the pubic bone. I: the male white pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3(3), 285-334.
Todd T.W. 1921. Age changes in the pubic bone. II: The pubis of the male negro-white hybrid, III: The pubis of the white female, IV: The pubis of the female negro-white hybrid. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4(1), 1–70.
Tomczyk J., Tomczyk-Gruca M. and Zalewska M. 2012. Frequency and chronological distribution of linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH) in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Population from Żerniki Górne (Poland) – preliminary report. Anthropological Review 75(1), 61-73.
Tung T. 2012. Violence against women: differential treatment of local and foreign females in the heartland of the Wari empire, Peru. In D. Martin, R. Harrod and V. Pérez (eds), The bioarchaeology of violence. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 180-198.
Turek J. 2016. Sex, transsexuality and archaeological perception of gender identities. Archaeologies 12(3), 340-358.
Vandkilde H. 2007. Culture and change in Central European prehistory 6th to 1st Millennium BC. Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
Vaňharová M. and Drozdová E. 2008. Sex determination of skeletal remains of 4000 year old children and juveniles from Hoštice 1 Za Hanou (Czech Republic) by ancient DNA analysis. Anthropological Review 71, 63-70.
Waldron, T. 2009. Palaeopathology: Cambridge manuals in archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walker P. 1997. Wife beating, boxing and broken noses: skeletal evidence for the cultural patterning of violence. In D. Frayer and D. Martin (eds), Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, 145-180.
Wedel V. and Galloway A. (eds) 2014. Broken bones: anthropological analysis of blunt force trauma. 2nd edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
White T. and Folkens P. 2005. The human bone manual. New York: Elsevier.
Włodarczak P. 2017. Małopolska at the beginning of the Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC). In U. Bugaj (ed.), The Past Societies: Polish lands from the first evidence of human presence to the Early Middle Ages. Vol. 3: 2000-500 BC. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 49-85.