Early metallurgy of Ukraine of the Late 5th-4th Millennia BC: an outline
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23858/SA/75.2023.1.3424Słowa kluczowe:
Metallurgy, Eneolithic, Early Bronze age, Trypillia, UkraineAbstrakt
According to the classical model of the metallurgical raw material supply chain proposed by Eugeniy Chernykh, the Eneolithic and Early Bronze age cultures of Ukraine were completely dependent on imported raw material. It seems that the main supplier of metal, as well as some complete goods during the 5th and 4th Millennia BC, was the ‘Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province (CBMP)’ while during the 3rd Millennium BC, the provision chain was reoriented towards the ‘Circumpontic Metallurgical Province (CMP)’. Yet, new discoveries that were made during the 1990s-2020s indicate the need for the amendment of such a model. This is the aim of the current paper. In the following text, the concept of four Ukrainian local metallurgical provinces and two metalworking foci will be introduced. The typology and dating of the recently discovered metal objects as well as metallurgical tools will be provided. The question of the existence of domestic metallurgical raw material deposits will be discussed.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Bader T. ed. 1990. Orientalisch-ägäische Einflüsse in der europäischen Bronzezeit: Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums [vom 16.-19.10.1985 in Mainz] (= Monographien Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte 15). Bonn: Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Berezanskaya S. S. 1990. Usovo Ozero. Poselenie srubnoy kultury na Severskom Dontse. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
Berezovsky A., Pieczonka J. and Piestrzyński A. 2021. Silver-gold and polymetallic mineralization in the banded iron formations deposit in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine. Precambrian Research 363, 106326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106326
Brovender Y., Haiko H. and Brovender O. 2021. Mining under the early metal in the context of Kartamysh ore occurrence of Ukrainian Donbas. Mining of Mineral Deposits 15/3, 45-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33271/mining15.03.045
Brovender Yu. M. 2019. Metalovyrobnytstvo Dnipro-Donskoho rehionu v epokhu rannoho metalu: pidsumky ta perspectyvy doslidzhennia. In V. Chabai, O. Manigda and E. Pichkur (eds), I Vseukrayinskyi arkheolohichnyi zyizd: materialy roboty. Kyiv: IA NAN Ukrayiny, 229-236.
Brytiuk A. A. 2005. Vostochnaya Ukrayina kak odin iz syrevykh tsentrov v epokhu rannego metalla. Visnyk Skhidnoukrayinskoho natsionalnoho universytetu im. V. Dalia, 4(86), 182-185.
Burdo N. B. 2015. Mesto pamiatnikov sabatinovskogo tipa s structure kultornogo complexa Cucuten-Tripolye. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomoria 13, 11-26.
Černych E. N. 1991. Frühestes Kupfer in der Steppen- und Waldsteppenkulturen Osteuropas. In J. Lichardus and R. Echt eds, Die Kupferzeit als historische Epoche. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 581-592.
Chase-Dunn C. and Hall T. D. eds 2019. Core/Periphery Relations in Precapitalist Worlds. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429044663
Chernovol D. 2021. Utility structures of the Tripolye culture. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 73/2, 47-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23858/SA/73.2021.2.2633
Chernykh E. 1992. Ancient metallurgy of USSR. The early metal age. Camridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chernykh E. N. 1966. Istoria drevneyshey metallurgii Vostochnoy Evropy. Moskva: Nauka.
Chernykh E. N. 1970. O drenveyshykh ochagakh metalloobrabotki yugo-zapada SSSR. Kratkie soobscheniya instituta arkheologii 123, 23-31.
Chernykh E. N. 2008. Formation of the Eurasian “steppe belt” of stockbreeding cultures: viewed through the prism of archaeometallurgy and radiocarbon dating. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 35/3, 36-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2008.11.003
Chernykh E. N. 2014. Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation. ISIJ International 54/5, 1002-1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002
Chornovil D. 2022. Maysternia pradavnikh metalurhiv na richtsi Smotrych. In Ya. Gershkovych and D. Grechko (eds), Arkheolohiya Ukrayiny za doby Nezalezhnosti. Kyiv: Instytut arkheologii NAN Ukrayiny, 120-123.
Dergachev V. A. 1998. Kėrbunskij klad. Carbuna deposit. Kišinev: Tipogr. Acad. de Ştiinţe.
Dergachev V. 2016. Novye klady metallicheskikh izdeliy kultury Cucuten-Tripolye iz srednego Podnestrovia (Ukraina). In M. K. Livia Sîrbu, N. Telnov, L. Ciobanu and G. Sîrbu (eds), Culturi, Procese şi Contexte în Arheologie. Volum omagial Oleg Leviţki la 60 de ani. Chişinău: Garamont-Studio, 36-42.
Dergachev V. and Parnov V. 2022. The Condriţa hoard. Chişinău, Butuceni: Tipografia Centrală.
Dolfini A. and Crellin R. J. 2016. Metalwork wear analysis: The loss of innocence. Journal of Archaeological Science 66, 78-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.12.005
Friedman J. and Rowlands M. J. 1978. Notes Towards an Epigenetic Model of the Evolution of ’Civilisation’. In M. J. Rowlands and J. Friedman (eds), The Evolution of Social Systems. London: Duckworth, xiv, 562.
Gaydarska B. ed. 2020. Early Urbanism in Europe: The Trypillia Megasites of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe. Warsaw/Berlin: De Gruyter Open Poland. doi.org/10.1515/9783110664959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110664959
Gosden C. 1993. Commentary on: Frank 1993. Current Anthropology, 410-411.
Harding, A. 2013. World Systems, Cores, and Peripheries in Prehistoric Europe. European Journal of Archaeology 16/3, 378–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1461957113Y.0000000032
Hrinchenko O. V., M. V. Kurylo, V. A. Mikhaylov, L. S. Mikhaylova, V. V. Ogar, O. V. Omelchuk, V. I. Shevchenko, V. V. Shunko and D. M. Scherbak 2006. Metalichni korysni kopalyny Ukrayiny. Kyiv: VPC ‘Kyivskyi universytet’.
Ivanov M. and Tupciyenko M. 2022. Cultural Interactions Between the Societies of the ‘Old Europe’ and the Steppe ‘Kurgan People’ During the Last Quarter of the 4th Millenia BC: Case Study of Serezlievka Local Group. Archaeologia Lituana 23, 107-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/ArchLit.2022.23.6
Ivanova M. and Rassmann K. 2014. Das spätchalkolithische Steinkistengrab von Dolinka, Kr. Krasnoperekopsk, Ukraine. Eurasia Antiqua: Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens 20, 207-128.
Kiosak D. and Lobanova M. 2021. On the chronology of the Sabatynivka group of the Cucuteni-Trypillia cultural complex (Central Ukraine). Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 73/2, 25-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23858/SA/73.2021.2.2405
Klimushyna A. and Tutaeva I. 2022. Klady metallicheskikh izdeliy epokhi bronzy Krymskogo poluostrova. In S. Lantsov and N. Kukleva (eds), Zapadnaya Tavrida v istorii i kulture drevnego i srednevekovogo Sredizemnomoria. Materialy IV nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, p. Chernomorskoe, 9-11 sentiabria 2022 goda. Simferopol: IT ‘Aria’, 181-195.
Klochko V. 2019. Metalevi sokyry rannoho etapu yamnoy kultury. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 2, 69-77.
Klochko V. and Klochko L. 2013. Complex of metall gooods between the Vistula and Dnieper rivers at the turn of the 4th/3rd to the 3rd Millenium BC. Concept of the Carpathian – Volhynia “Willow Leaf” Metallurgy Centre. Baltic-Pontic Studies 18, 39-71.
Klochko V., Hoshko T. Y., Kozymenko A. V. and D. D. Klochko. 2020. The Era of Early Metals in Ukraine (History of Metallurgy and Cultural Genesis). Kyiv: National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.
Klochko V. I. 1995. Copper Objects and Questions of “Sofievka Metallurgy”. Baltic-Pontic Studies 3, 235-242.
Klochko V. I. 2017a. Ivonivskyi skarb i problema ‘Dnistrovskoy’ midi. Magisterium 67, 25-36.
Klochko V. I. 2017b. Yamnaya Culture Hoard of Metal Objects, Ivanivka, Lower Murafa: Autogenesis of “Dniester Copper/Bronze Metallurgy”. Baltic-Pontic Studies 22, 226-245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bps-2017-0027
Klochko V. I. and Kośko A. 2013. The Baltic Drainage Basin in the Reconstruction of The Mental Map of Central Europe Held in Common by Northern-Pontic Early-Bronze Civilization Communities – 3200-1600 BC. Baltic-Pontic Studies 13, 9-20.
Klochko V. I. Manichev V. I., Kvasnitsa V. N., Kozak S. A., Demchenko L. V., Sokhatskiy M. P. and Ogienko M. 2000. Issues concerning Tripolye metallurgy and the virgin copper of Volhynia. Baltic-Pontic Studies 9, 168-186.
Klochko V. I. Manichev V. I., Kompanec G. S. and Kovalchuk M. S. 2003. Wychodnie rud miedzi na terenie Ukrainy zachodniej jako baza surowcowa metalurgii kolorowej w okresie funkcjonowania kultury trypolskiej. Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10/11, 47-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.03
Kohl P. L., Bäck L. R., Claessen H. J. M., Gilman A., Hamlin C. L., Hayashi K., Lamberg-Karlovsky C. C., Nissen H. J., Oates J., Ono A., Potts D., Sankalia H. D., Shaffer J. G., Solheim II W. G., Stark M. V. and Watkins T. 1978. The Balance of Trade in Southwestern Asia in the Mid-Third Millennium B.C. [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 19/3, 463-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/202136
Kolybenko O. О. 2015. Materialy fondu Stanislava Nykyforovycha Bratchenka u naukovomu arkhivi NAN Ukrayiny yak dzherelo do biografii vchenogo ta epokhy. Pereyaslavskyi litopys 7, 106-118.
Kopyl A. G., Tatarinov S. I. and Metsenko V. N. 1976. Raboty artemovskogo otriada. In B. A. Rybakov (ed.), Arkheologicheskie otkrytia 1975 goda. Moskva: Nauka, 341-342.
Kovaleva I. F. 1984. Sever stepnogo Prichernomoria v eneolite-bronzovom veke. Dnepropetrovsk: Dnepropetrovskiy gosudarstennyi universitet.
Kuna M. 1981. Zur neolithischen und aeneolithischen Kupferverarbeitung im Gebiet Jugoslawiens. Godišnjak Sarajevo 19, 13-81.
Ling J., Stos-Gale Z., Grandin L., Billström K., Hjärthner-Holdar E. and Persson P.-O. 2014. Moving metals II: provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 41, 106-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.018
Mace J. 1993. Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (SVU). In D. H. Struk (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Markus I. 2009. Znakhidky metalevykh sokyr eneolity – doby bronzy na zakhidnyi Volyni. Arkheologichni doslidzhennia Lvivskogo universytetu 12, 135-154.
Matuschik I. 1998. Kupferfunde und Metallurgie-Belege, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der kupferzeitlichen Dolche Mittel-, Ost- und Südosteuropas. In M. Mainberger (ed.), Das Moordorf von Reute. Archäologische Untersuchungen in der jungneolithischen Siedlung Reute-Schorrenried. Staufen im Breisgau: Teraqua CAP, 207-261.
Mommsen W. J. 1987. Imperialismustheorien. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Otroschenko V. V. 2009. The Bronze Age Communication Route System in the Northern Pontic Area. Baltic-Pontic Studies 14, 462-474.
Otroschenko V. V., Priakhin A. D., Besedin V. I. and Brovender Yu. M. 1997. Ukrainsko-rossiyskaia ekspeditsia po izucheniu pamiatnikov epokhi bronzy Donetskogo basseyna. In Piatdesiat polevykh sezonov arkheologov Voronezhskogo universiteta: (= Arkheologia vostochnoevropeyskoy lesostepi 10). Voronezh: VGU, 90-103.
Ottoway B. 1994. Prähistorische Archäometallurgie. Espelkamp: Verlag Marie L. Leidorf.
Pavliuk O. V. and Pavliuk V. M. 2013. Midne zrudeninnia Chemerpilskoi dilianky (seredne Pobizhzhia). Zapysky ukrainskoho mineralohichnoho tovarystva 10, 55-66.
Pavliuk O. V. and Pavliuk V. M. 2009a. Midno-blagorodnometaleve zrudeninnia Haisynskoy ploschi (Rosynsko-Tikytskyi blok Ukrainskoho schyta). Zapysky ukrainskoho mineralohichnoho tovarystva 6, 100-106.
Pavliuk O. V. and Pavliuk V. M. 2009b. Samorodna mid Skvyrskoi ploschi Brusylivskoy shovnoy zony. Heokhimia ta rudoutvorennia 27, 88-90.
Pavliuk O. V., Kysliuk V. V. and Pavliuk V. M. 2009a. Samorodna mid Mogylnianskoy dilianky (Seredne Pobuzhzhia). Dopovidi natsionalnoi akademii nauk Ukrainy 4, 124-129.
Pavliuk O. V., Kysliuk V. V. and Pavliuk V. M. 2009b. Samorodna mid Bilokamianskoy struktury (seredne Pobuzhzhia). Mineralogichnyi zbirnyk 59, 137–143.
Peresunchak O. 2019. Znakhidky gurtka “Yunyi arkheolog”. Vita Antiqua 11, 159-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37098/VA-2019-11-159-165
Petrenko V. G. 2013. Usatovskaya kultura. In V. Bruyako and T. Samoylova (eds), Drevnie kultury Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria. Odessa: Odesskiy arkheologicheskiy muzey NANU, 163-210.
Radivojević M. and Grujić J. 2018. Community structure of copper supply networks in the prehistoric Balkans: An independent evaluation of the archaeological record from the 7th to the 4th millennium BC. Journal of Complex Networks 6/1, 106-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnx013
Radivojević M. and Roberts B. W. 2021. Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200-3700 BC. Journal of World Prehistory 34/2, 195-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7
Radivojević M., Roberts B. W., Pernicka E., Stos-Gale Z., Martinón-Torres M., Rehren T., Bray P., Brandherm D., Ling J., Mei J., Vandkilde H., Kristiansen K., Shennan S. J. and Broodbank C. 2019. The Provenance, Use, and Circulation of Metals in the European Bronze Age: The State of Debate. Journal of Archaeological Research 27, 131-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9123-9
Rowlands M. J., Larsen M.T. and Kristiansen K. eds 1987. Centre and periphery in the ancient world. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ryndina N. V. 1962. Analizy metallicheskikh izdeliy iz tripolskogo sloya poselenia u s. Nezvysko. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR 102, 86-88.
Ryndina N. V. 1970. Mednyi import epokhi razvitogo Tripolya. Kratkie soobschenia instituta arkheologii 123, 15-22.
Ryndina N. V. and Konkova L. V. 1982. O proishozhdenii bolshykh usatovskikh kindzhalov. Sovetskaya arkheologiya 2, 30-42.
Syvyi M. and Kitura V. 2020. Mineralno-resursnyi potentsial. Rudoproyavy metalevoy syrovyny. In M. Syvyi (ed.), Heohrafia Ternopilskoy oblasti. Ternopil: Ternopilskiy natsionalnyi pedagogichnyi universitet im. V. Gnatiuka, 104-106.
Tatarinov S. I. 1975. K voprosu o suschestvovanii v Severnom Prichernomore gornometallurgicheskogo tsentra vo II-I tys. do n.e. In P. O. Karyshkovskiy (ed.), 150 let Odesskomu gosudarstvennomu arheologicheskomu muzeyu. Kiev: Odesskiy Gosudarstvennyi Arkheologicheskiy Muzey, 64-65.
Tatarinov S. I. 1977. O gorno-metallurgicheskom tsentre v Donbasse. Sovetskaya arkheologiya 4, 192-206.
Tatarinov S. I. 1993. Drevniy metal Vostochnoy Ukrainy. Biblioteka sayta „Shakhty i rudniki Donbassa”. Artemovsk: Artemovskiy gosudarstvennyi muzey.
Tatarinov S. I. 2003. Drevnie gorniaki-metallurgi. Slaviansk: Pechatnyi dvor.
Tatarinov S. I. 2019. Doroga, dlinoyu v 50 let, prodolzhaetsia… In D. Efimov (ed.), Biografia ta bibliografichnyi pokazhchyk naukovykh ta naukovo-popularnykh prats Tatarynova Serhiya Yosypovycha. Kharkiv: Tsentr pamiatkoznavstva NAN Ukrayiny i Ukrayinskogo tovarystva okhorony pamiatok istoriyi ta kultury, 34-48.
Tatarinov S. Y. 2006. Istoria girnychoi spravy, metalurgii ta metaloobrobky doby bronzy Skhidnoi Ukrayiny. Aftoreferat dysert. kand. nauk. Donetsk.
Tatarinov S. Y. 2018. Davni girnyky-metalurgy Skhidnoi Ukrayiny. Kharkiv: Ekspres-knyga.
Telizhenko S. A. and Brytiuk A. A. 2003. Novye dannye o metalloobrabotke v eneolite Podontsovia. In Chtenia posviaschennye 100-letiyu deyatelnosti Vasiliya Alekseevicha Gorodtsova v Gosudarstvennom Istoricheskom musee. Moskva: Gosudarstvennyi istoricheskiy muzey, 67-70.
Tsvek E. V. 2005. Novye dannye ob issledovanii poselenia u s. Berezovka. In N. Havryliuk (ed.), Arkheologichni doslidzhennia v Ukrayini 2003-2004 gg. Zaporizhzhia: Duke Pole, 314-316.
Vajsov I. 1993. Die frühesten Metalldolche Südost- und Mitteleuropas. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 68/1, 103-145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/prhz.1993.68.1.103
Wallerstein I. 1974. The Modern World-system. I, Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York and London: Academic Press.
Yaremchuk V. 2009. Mynule Ukrainy v istorychniy nautsi URSR pislia stalinskoi doby. Ostroh: Vydavnytstvo Natsionalnoho universytetu “Ostrozka academia”.
Zbenovich V. G. 1974. Pozdnetripolskie plemena severnogo Prichernomoria. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
Zbenovich V. H. 1966. Pro kyndzhaly usatovskogo typu. Arkheolohiya 20, 38-46.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
