Intrusions of the steppe population into the Balkan-Carpathian region in the Early Bronze Age: factors and aspects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23858/SA/75.2023.1.3438Słowa kluczowe:
Budzhak culture, Yamna culture, social structure, exhange, metals, saltAbstrakt
The Budzhak culture of the Northwest Pontic region is a part of the Yamna cultural-historical area. Its social hierarchy and the identification of “ritual groups” within it provide important evidence when considering intrusions of the steppe population into the Balkan-Carpathian region. Certain elite grave goods are often associated with individuals buried in certain positions that allow the identification of “ritual groups”. One of these is characterized by supine inhumation with flexed legs, arms stretched along the body. These had high social status in the context of the Budzhak culture and they are the ones that were widespread in Europe. In addition to the well-known Danubian route, other paths from the steppe to the west can be considered (Carpathian-Transylvanian and Prut-Dnistr routes). The principal aim of the movement to the west was probably to obtain metals, which could be exchanged for salt from the estuaries of the Northwest Pontic area.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Agulnikov S. M. 1984. Kurgan epokhi bronzy u s. Kaplany. In I. I. Artemenko (ed.), Kurgany v zonakh novostroek Moldavii. Kishinev: Shtiintsa, 90-97.
Alekseeva I. L. 1992. Kurgany epokhi paleometalla v Severo-Zapadnom Prichernomore. Kiev: Naukova dumka.
Allentoft M. E., Sikora M., Sjögren K.-G., Rasmussen S., Rasmussen M. , Stenderup J., Damgaard P. B., Schroeder H., Ahlström T., Vinner L., Malaspinas A.-S., Margaryan A., Higham T., Chivall D., Lynnerup N., Harvig L., Baron J., Della Casa P., Dąbrowski P., Duffy P. R., Ebel A. V., Epimakhov A., Frei K., Furmanek M., Gralak T.,Gromov A., Gronkiewicz S., Grupe G., Hajdu T., Jarysz R., Khartanovich V., Khokhlov A., Kiss V., Kolář J., Kriiska A., Lasak I., Longhi C., McGlynn G., Merkevicius A., MerkyteI., Metspalu M., Mkrtchyan R., Moiseyev V., Paja L., Pálfi G., Pokutta D., Pospieszny Ł., Price T. D., Saag L., Sablin M., Shishlina N., Smrčka V., Soenov V. I., Szeverényi V.,Tóth G., Trifanova S. V., Varul L., Vicze M., Yepiskoposyan L., Zhitenev V., Orlando L., Sicheritz-Pontén T., Brunak S., Nielsen R., Kristiansen K. and Willerslev E. 2015. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 522, 167-173.
Anthony D. 2021. Migration, ancient DNA, and Bronze Age pastoralists from the Eurasian steppes. In D. Megan (ed.), Homo Migrans: Modeling Mobility and Migration in Human History. Albany: SUNY-Press, IEMA Distinguished Monograph Series. In press. https://www.academia.
edu/44892216/Anthony_2021_Migration_nomads_from_the_east_IEMA_SUNY_Buffalo.
Avilova L. I. 2007. Razvite metalloproizvodstva v epokhu rannego metalla (eneolit – pozdniy bronzovyi vek): sostoyane problemy i perspektivy issledovaniy. Vestnik rossiyskogo fonda fundamentalnykh issledovaniy 2(52), 30-44.
Balen J. 2005. The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol. Opuscula Archaeologica 29, 25-40.
Berestnev S. I. 2005. K probleme kurganov i kurgannoy stratigrafii. Drevnosti-2005, 97-115.
Binford L. R. 1971. Mortuary practices: Their study and their potential. In J-A. Brown (ed.), Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology 25, 6-29.
Bogdanov S.V. 2004. Epokha medi stepnogo Priuralya. Ekaterinburg: URO RAN.
Brovender Yu. M. 2016. Donetskyi hіrnycho-metalurhіynyi tsentr doby bronzy. A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Historical Science. Kyiv. Institute of Archaeology.
Bruyako I. and Agulnikov S. 2017. Pogrebeniya epokhi rannego – srednego bronzovogo veka na territorii predmestia gorodischa Kartal. Revista Arheologica 13/1-2, 86-103.
Bruyako I. V. and Rosohatskiy A. A. 2000. Pogrebeniya epokhi bronzy iz pozdneantichnogo mogilnika Belenkoe. Stratum plus 2, 563-568.
Bruyako I. V. and Samoylova T. L. eds 2013. Drevne kultury Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria. Odessa: SMIL.
Cherniakov I. T. 1979. Kulturno-khronologicheskoe svoeobrazie pamiatnikov epokhi bronzy Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria. In Problemy epokhi bronzy yuga Vostochnoy Evropy. Scientific Conference (Donetsk 3-6 dekabria 1979). Donetsk: DonGU, 8-10.
Chernykh E. N. 1976. Drevniaya metalloobrabotka na yugo-zapade SSSR. Moskva: Nauka.
Chernykh E. N. 1992. Ancient metallurgy in the USSR. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Chernykh E. N. and Orlovskaya L. B. 2004. Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya drevneyamnoy obschnosti i istoki kurgannykh kultur. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya 1, 84-99
Childe G. 1926. The Aryans: A study of Indo-European origins. New York: Alfred. A. Knopf Inc.
Ciobanu I., Vornic V., Agulnicov S. and Noroc I. 2016. Tumulul 1 de la Ciumai (com. Vinogradovca, r-nul Taraclia). Date preliminare. Arheologia preventivă în Republica Moldova III, 29-44.
Dergachev V. A. 1986. Moldaviya i sosednie territorii v epokhu bronzy. Kishinev: Shtiintsa.
Dergachev V. A. 2021. Budzhakskaya «kultura» skvoz prizmu kartograficheskogo metoda. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii antichnogo i srednevekovogo Prichernomoria 13, 99-144.
Diaconescu D. 2020. Step by steppe: Yamnaya culture in Transylvania. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 95/1, 17-47.
Duffy P. R. 2010. Complexity and autonomy in Bronze Age Europe: assessing cultural developments in Eastern Hungary. A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology). Ann: Arbor: The University of Michigan. http://www.deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/
42/75970/1/pduffy_1.pdf.
Dvorianinov S. A., Petrenko V. G. and Rychkov N. A. 1981. K izucheniyu orientirovki yamnykh pogrebeniy. In V. N. Stanko (ed.), Drevnosti Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 22-38.
Free Map. Starovynnі karty Ukrayiny. http://freemap.com.ua/karty-ukrainy/karty-trexverstovki-sprivyazkoj-dlya-gps
Frînculeasa A. 2020. Earthen burial mounds and the Coţofeni Culture south of the Carpathians. The archaeological research in Ariceştii‑Rahtivani – Movila pe Răzoare. Ziridava. Studia Archaeologica 34, 35-90.
Frînculeasa A. 2021. Burial mounds in the Lower Danube region – From the international to the local and the other way round. In V. Heyd, G. Kulcsár, and B. Preda-Bălănică (eds), Yamnaya Interactions (= Yamnaya Impact on Prehistoric Europe 4). Budapest: Archaeolingua, 173-206.
Frînculeasa A. Preda B., Nica T. and Soficaru A.‑D. 2014. Un nou tumul preistoric cercetat la Ariceştii-Rahtivani (jud. Prahova). Studii de Preistorie 11, 189-227.
Frînculeasa A. and Frînculeasa M. 2022. Ornaments in funerary contexts – about silver hair-rings discovered in prehistoric burial mounds researched in the north of Muntenia. In O. Cîrstina and E.-C. Niţu. (eds), A life dedicated to the paleolithic: studies in honorem Marin Cârciumaru.
Târgovişte: Cetatea de scaun, 247-272.
Gerling, C., Banffy, E., Dani, J., Köhler K., Kulcsár G., Pike A. W. G., Szeverényi V. and Heyd V. 2012. Immigration and transhumance in the Early Bronze Age Carpathian Basin: the occupants of a kurgan. Antiquity 86, 1097-1111.
Gening V. F. and Borzunov V. A. 1975. Metodika statisticheskoy kharakteristiki i sravnitelnogo analiza pogrebalnogo obriada. Voprosy arkheologii Urala 13, 42-72.
Gimbutas M. 1956. The prehistory of Eastern Europe. Mesolithic, neolithic and copper age cultures in Russia and the Baltic area (= American school of prehistoric researches. Harvard University
Bulletin 20). Cambridge, Massachusetts USA: Peabody Museum.
Golani A. 1988. Revealed by their jewelry: Ethnic identity of Israelites during the Iron Age in the Southern Levant. Polish archaeology in the Mediterranean 23/2, 269-296.
Haak W., Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Rohland N., Mallick S., Llamas B., Brandt G., Nordenfelt S., Harney E., Stewardson K., Fu Q., Mittnik A., Bánffy E., Economou C., Francken M., Friederich S., Garrido Pena R., Hallgren F., Khartanovich V., Khokhlov A., Kunst M., Kuznetsov P., Meller H., Mochalov O., Moiseyev V., Nicklisch N., Pichler S. L., Risch R., Rojo Guerra M. A., Roth C., Szécsényi-Nagy A., Wahl J., Meyer M., Krause J., Brown D., Anthony D., Cooper A., Alt K. W. and Reich D. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207-211.
Harat K., Potupczyk M. and Razumow S. 2014. Charakterystyka źródeł archeologicznych pozyskanych w latach 1984-1993. In A. Kośko, M. Potupczyk and S. Razumow (eds), Naddniestrzańskie kompleksy cmentarzysk kurhanowych z III tysiąclecia przed Chr. w okolicach Jampola, obwód winnicki
(= Archaeologia Bimaris. Monografie 6). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, 45-204.
Harding A. 2018. Mining for salt in European prehistory. In D. H. Werra and M. Woźny (eds), Between history and archaeology. Papers in honour of Jacek Lech. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing, 323-329.
Heyd V. 2021. Yamnaya, Corded Wares, and Bell Beakers on the move. In V. Heyd, G. Kulcsár and B. Preda-Bălănică (eds), Yamnaya Interactions (= Yamnaya Impact on Prehistoric Europe 4). Budapest: Archaeolingua, 383-414.
Heyd V. 2022. Twisted brothers or messed cousins? On the special relationship between Yamnaya and Corded Wares. Presentation at the conference “Steppe invaders vs local resident (4th-3rd millennia BC)”. Niepołomice, Poland, 2-3 December 2022.
Heyd V. 2023. West-to-east directed migrations in the third millennium BC and their impact on the archaeological, genetic and linguistic landscape of Eurasia. Presentation at the conference “Scales of Social, Environmental & Cultural Change in Past Societies”. Kiel, Germany, 13.-18.03. 2023.
Ivanova S. 2003. Social differentiation in the Pit-Grave society: reconstruction based on burial data. In L. Nikolova (ed.), Early symbolic systems for communications in Southeast Europe (= BAR International Series 1139/1). Oxford: Archaeopress, 157-169.
Ivanova S. V. 2010a. Prirodnye resursy i ekonomika drevnikh obschestv. Stratum plus 2, 49-99.
Ivanova S. V. 2010b. Torgovye puti i migratsii v bronzovom veke. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomoria 11, 158-249.
Iwanowa S. 2014. Stan badań nad osadnictwem kultur jamowej i katakumbowej w zlewni dolnego Dniestru. In A. Kośko, M. Potupczyk and S. Razumow (eds), Naddniestrzańskie kompleksy cmentarzysk kurhanowych z III tysiąclecia przed Chr. w okolicach Jampola, obwód winnicki (= Archaeologia Bimaris. Monografie 6). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, 17-34.
Ivanova S. V. 2015. “Protobudzhakskiy gorizont” Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomorya. Stratum plus 2, 275-294.
Ivanova S. 2021. Istoriya naselenia Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria v kontse IV-III tys. do n.e. Zhitomir: Buk Druk. http://vgosau.kiev.ua/load_books/Ivanova_2021.pdf.
Ivanova S. 2022. A few myths about Budzhak Yamna culture. In V. Kushnir (ed.), Zapysky istorychnoho fakultetu Odeskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni I. I. Mechnykova 33. http://zif.onu.edu.ua/article/view/270450
Ivanova S. and Voitovych M. 2021. Migratsii chy kulturni kontakty: schodo teorii «Yamnoy navaly» na tereny Tsentralnoy Evropy. Materialy i doslidzhennia z arkheologii Prykarpattia i Volini 25, 56-105.
Jovanovič B. 1993. Silver in the Yamna (Pit-Grave) Culture in the Balkans. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 21/3-4, 207-214.
Kamenskiy A. G. 1990. Rezultaty spektralnogo i metallograficheskogo issledovaniya metallicheskikh predmetov iz pamiatnikov epokhi bronzy s territorii Moldovy. In E. V. Yarovoy, Kurgany eneolita – epokhi bronzy Nizhnego Podnestrovia. Chişinău: Ştiinţa, 247-258.
Kavruk V., Buzea D. L. and Harding A. 2023. A Bronze Age salt production technique from Transylvania and western Ukraine. Antiquity 97(393), 616- 35.
Kavruk V., Ivanova S. and Alexianu M.-T. 2018. The North Pontic Saltscapes. In “Reflecting Futures”. 24th EAA Annual Meeting. Barcelona, 2018. Abstract Book. Barcelona: European Association of Archaeologists, 893-894.
Klejn L. S. 1991. Arlheologicheskaya tipologiya. Leningrad: LF CNDISI.
Klejn L. S. 2016. Yamnaya, budzhakskaya i DNK. In V. A. Alekshin (ed.), Vneshnie i vnutrennie sviazi stepnykh (skotovodcheskikh) kultur Vostochnoy Evropy v eneolite i bronzovom veke (V-II tys. do n.e.). Kruglyi stol, posviaschennyi 80-letiyu so dnia rozhdeniya S. N. Bratchenko (Sankt-Peterburg, 14-15 noyabria 2016). Sankt-Peterburg: IIMK RAN, 6-13.
Klejn L. S. 2017. Yamnaya, ne yamnaya (obzor sovremennykh rabot o kurgannykh pogrebeniyakh Podunavia). Stratum plus 2, 361-378.
Klochko V. I. 2004. Metalurgiya ta metaloobrobne vyrobnytstvo tripilskoi kultury. In M. Videiko (ed.), Entsiklopediya Tripilskoyi Tsivilizatsiyi 1. Kyiv: Ukrpoligrafmedia, 219-222.
Konikov E. G. 2007. Sea-level fluctuations and coastline migration in the northwestern Black Sea area over the last 18 ky based on high resolution lithological-genetic analysis of sediment architecture. In V. Yanko-Hombach et al. (eds), The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement. Dordrecht: Springer, 405-435.
Kovaleva I. F. 1984. Sever stepnogo Podneprovia v eneolite-bronzovom veke. Dnepropetrovsk: DGU.
Kristiansen K. 2010. Decentralized complexity: the case of Bronze Age Northern Europe. In D. Price and G. Feinman (eds), Pathways to Power. New Perspectives on the Emergence of Social Inequality. New York: Springer.
Kuznetsov P. F. 2013. Datirovka pamiatnika u Repina khutora i khronologiya kulturno-rodstvennykh materialov epokhi ranney bronzy stepnoy zony Vostochnoy Evropy. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya 1, 13-21.
Leviţki О. Manzura I. and Demcenco T. 1996. Necropola tumulară de la Sărăteni (= Bibliotheca Thracologica 17). Bucureşti: Vavila Edint SRL.
Manzura I. 1993. The East-West Interaction in the Mirror of the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Cultures in the Northwest Pontic. Revista archeologica 1, 23-54.
Masson V. M. 1976. Ekonomika i sotsialnyi stroy drevnikh obschestv (v svete dannykh arkheologii). Leningrad: Nauka.
Mathieson I., Lazaridis I., Rohland N., Mallick S., Patterson N., Alpaslan Roodenberg S., Harney E., Stewardson K., Fernandes D., Novak M., Sirak K.,Gamba C.,Jones E. R., Llamas B., Dryomov S., Pickrell J., Arsuaga J. L., Bermúdez de Castro J. M., Carbonell E., Gerritsen F., Khokhlov A., Kuznetsov P., Lozano M., Meller H., Mochalov O., Moiseyev V., Rojo Guerra M. A., Roodenberg J., Vergčs J. M., Krause J., Cooper A., Alt K. W., Brown D., Anthony D., Lalueza-Fox C., Haak W., Pinhasi R. and Reich D. 2015. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499-503.
Merpert N. Ya. 1974. Drevneyshye skotovody Volgo-Uralskogo mezhdurechia. Moskwa: Nauka.
Morgunova N. L. 2014. Priuralskaya gruppa pamyatnikov v sisteme volzhsko-uralskogo varianta yamnoy kulturno-istoricheskoy oblasti. Orenburg: OGPU.
Ochir-Goriaeva M. A. 2018. The Social and Clan Relations within the Scythian Society, by Planigraphic Analysis of the Kurgans. Stratum plus 3, 57-86.
O’Guinn T., Tanner R. and Maeng A. 2015. Turning to Space: social density, social class, and the value of things in stores. Journal of Consumer Research 42/2, 196-213.
Olgovskiy S. Ya. 1988. O tsvetnoy metalloobrabotke u plemen yamnoy kultury. In O. G. Shaposhnikova (ed.), Novye pamiatniki yamnoy kultury stepnoy zony Ukrainy. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 135-140.
Olszewski A. and Włodarczak P. 2018. Święte 11: cemetery of the Corded Ware culture. Baltic-Pontic Studies 23, 7-67.
Orlovskaya L. B. 1990. Spektroanaliticheskoe issledovanie tsvetnogo metalla epokhi ranney bronzy Moldovy (predvaritelnye itogi). In Yarovoy E. V. Kurgany eneolita – epokhi bronzy Nizhnego Podnestrovia. Chişinău: Ştiinţa, 241-246.
Pernicka E., Nessel D., Mehofer M. and Safta E. 2016. Lead isotope analyses of metal objects from the Apa hoard and other Early and Middle Bronze Age items from Romania. Archaeologia Austriaca 100, 57-86.
Pilipchuk Ya. V. 2016. “Opasnaya granitsa”. Sigizmund I i Girey v 1517-1548 gg. Istoriya voennogo dela: issledovaniya i istochniki 8, 472-505.
Popovici S. and Ciobanu I. 2021. Cercetări arheologice la Cimişlia: (1969, 2015, 2019). Chişinău: Bons Offices.
Preda B. 2015. Considerations regarding barrow burials and metal depositions during the Early Bronze Age in the Carpathian-Danube area. Hiperboreea Journal 2/2, 5-51.
Rassamakin Yu. Ya. 2011. Eneolithic burial mounds in the (Black Sea Steppe from the first burial symbols to monumental ritual architecture. In E. Borgna and S. Müller-Celka (eds), Ancestral Landscapes (Central and Eastern Europe – Balkans – Adriatic – Aegean, 4th-2nd millennium B.C.). Lyon: Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 293-305.
Razumov S. N., Lysenko S. D., Sinika V. S., Telnov N. P. and Chetverikov I. A. 2013. Kurgany epokhi bronzy mogilnika u s. Glinoe na levoberezhe Nizhnego Dnestra. Stratum plus 2, 297-340.
Razumov S. N., Smirnov A. I., Smirnov L. I. and Karnaukh E. G. 2015. Kurgany bronzovogo veka u sela Tuzly v verkhoviakh Berezanskogo limana. Stratum plus 2, 329-357.
Roberts B. W. and Vander Linden M. eds 2011. Investigating archaeological cultures: material culture, variability, and transmission. New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg and London: Springer.
Ryndina N. V. 1993 Drevneyshee metalloobrabatyvayuschee proizvodstvo yugo-vostochnoy Evropy (istoki i razvitie v neolite-eneolite). Avtoreferat dissertatsii doktora istoricheskikh nauk. Moskva: Institut arkheologii.
Ryndina N. V., and Degtiareva A. D. 2018. Non-ferrous Metal of the Yamnaya Cultural-Historical Area from Sites of Ukraine: morphology and production technology. Stratum plus 2, 317-346.
Ryndina N. V., Ravich I. G. 2012. Arkheologiya o metalloproizvodstve maykopskikh plemen Severnogo Kavkaza (po dannym khimiko-ekhnologicheskikh issledovaniy). Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii 2, 4-20.
Salnikov K. V. 1967. Ocherki drevney istorii Yuzhnogo Urala. Moscow: Nauka.
Sava E., Agulnikov S. and Manzura I. 2019. Issledovaniya kurganov v Budzhakskoy stepi (1980-1985 gg) (= Biblioteca “Tyragetia” 30). Chişinău: Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a Moldovei.
Saxe A. A. 1970. Social dimensions of mortuary practices. PhD Thesis: Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Shaposhnikova O. G. 1985. Yamnaya kulturno-istoricheskaya obschnost. In I. I. Artemenko (ed.), Arkheologiya Ukrainskoy SSR I. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 336-352.
Shmagliy N. M. and Cherniakov I. T. 1970. Issledovaniya kurganov v stepnoy chasti mezhdurechia Dunaya i Dnestra. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomoria 6, 5-90.
Shnirelman V. A. 1986. Pozdnepervobytnaya obschina zemledeltsev-skotovodov i vyisshykh okhotnikov, rybolovov i sobirateley. In Yu. V. Bromley (ed.), Istoriya pervobytnogo obschestva. Epokha pervobytnoy rodovoy obschiny. Moskva: Nauka, 236-426.
Sinika V. S., Razumov S. N. and Telnov N. P. 2016. Arkheologicheskoe nasledie Pridnestrovia. Tiraspol: Poligrafist.
Skalkovskiy A. A. 1853. Opyt statisticheskogo opisaniya Novorossiyskogo kraya 2: Hozyaystvennaya statistika Novorossiyskogo kraya. Odessa: Frantsov i Nitche. 1853.
Subbotin L. V. 2003. Orudiya truda, oruzhie i ukrasheniya yamnoy kultury Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomoria. Odessa: Polis.
Subbotin L. V., Ostroverkhov A. S. and Dzigovskiy A. N. 1995. Arkheologicheskie drevnosti Budzhaka. Kurgany u s. Trapovka i Novoselitsa. Odessa: Germes.
Subbotin L. V., Razumov S. N. and Sinika V. S. 2017. Semenovske kurgany. Tiraspol: Stratum plus.
Tainter J. 1975. Social inference and mortuary practices: an experiment in numerical classification. World archaeology 7, 1-15.
Tainter J. 1978. Mortuary practices and the study of prehistoric social systems. In M. Shiffer (ed.), Advances in archaeological method and theory 1, 105-141.
Telegin D. Ya. 1991. Esche raz o vyidelenii pamiatnikov novodanilovskogo tipa epokhi medi. In E. V. Yarovoy (ed.), Mezhdunarodnaya konferentsiya “Drevneyshie obschnosti zemledeltsev i skotovodov
Severnogo Prichernomorya (V tys. do n. e. – V v. n. e.)” (Tiraspol 10-14 dekabrya 1990). Kiev: KKTNK, 60-61.
Topal D. 2022. Hauptmerkmale der Jamnaja- Grabhügel im nordwestpontischen Gebiet. Presentation on MOBAB Conference “Mobilitat auf dem Balkan wahrend der Bronzezeit” (Italia, Villa Vigoni, April 29, 2022).
Toporov V. N. 1982. Pervobytnye predstavleniya o mire (obschiy vzgliad). In A. N. Shanin (ed.), Ocherki istorii estestvennonauchnykh znaniy v drevnosti. Moskva: Nauka, 8-40.
Toporov V. N. 1980. Gora mirovaya. In S. A. Tokarev (ed.), Mify narodov mira. Entsiklopediya 1. Moskva: Sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 311-315.
Vladar J. 2008. K problematike kultúrnej príslušnosti keramiky so šnúrovou ornamentikou z Košíc-Barce. Studia Historica Nitriensia 14, 75-93.
Wentink K. 2020. Stereotype. The role of grave sets in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker funerary practices. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
Wilkin S., Ventresca Miller A., Fernandes R., Spengler R., Taylor W. T.-T., Brown D. R., Reich D., Kennett D. J., Culleton B. J., Kunz L., Fortes C., Kitova A., Kuznetsov P., Epimakhov A., Zaibert V. F.,. Outram A. K, Kitov E., Khokhlov A., Anthony D. and Boivin N. 2021. Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions. Nature 598, 629-633.
Włodarczak P. 2010. Dunajski szlak kultury grobów jamowycha problem genezy kultury ceramiki sznurowej. In S. Czopek (ed.), Mente et rutro. Studia archeologica Johanni Machnik viro doctissimo octogesimo vitae anno ab amicis, collegis et discipulis oblata. Rzeszów: Instytut Archeologii UR, 299-325.
Włodarczak Р. 2014. Sekwencja czynności obrzędowych: problem korespondencji tradycji funeralnych kultury jamowej i kultury ceramiki sznurowej na Wyżynie Podolskiej. In A. Kośko, M. Potupczyk and S. Razumow (eds), Naddniestrzańskie kompleksy cmentarzysk kurhanowych z III tysiąclecia
przed Chr. w okolicach Jampola, obwód winnicki (= Archaeologia Bimaris. Monografie 6). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, 313-340.
Yarovoy E. V. 1985. Drevneyshie skotovodcheskie plemena yugo-zapada SSSR (klassifikatsiya pogrebalnogo obriada). Kishinev: Shtiintsa.
Yarovoy E.V. 2000. Skotovodcheskoe naselenie Severo-Zapadnogo Prichernomorya epokhi rannego metalla. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni doktora istoricheskikh nauk. Moskva: Institut arkheologii.
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Jak cytować
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
