Abstract
What moral values are can be considered as universal and common for all people? Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation (MAC) states that morality is a collection of biological and cultural solutions – helping kin, helping one’s group, reciprocating costs and benefits, displaying ‘hawkish’ and 'dove-ish' traits, dividing disputed resources, and respecting prior possession – to the problems of cooperation recurrent in human social life. Regardless of culture, those solutions are investigated as morally good. Therefore, seven, distinct types of cooperative behavior, it is possible to derive a coherent theory of morality, which anthropology has so far lacked.
References
Alvard Michael 2001, Mutualistic Hunting, [w:] C.B. Stanford, H.T. Bunn (red.), Meat-eating and Human Evolution, Oxford University Press, New York, s. 261–278.
Argyle Michael 1991, Cooperation (Psychology Revivals): The Basis of Sociability, Routledge, New York.
Axelrod Robert M. 1984, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, New York.
Axelrod Robert, Hamilton William D. 1981, The Evolution of Cooperation. Science, vol. 211, nr 4489, s. 1390–1396.
Baier Annette 1995, Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts – London.
Balliet Daniel, Wu Junhui, De Dreu Carsten 2014, Ingroup Favoritism in Cooperation: A Meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 140, nr 6, s. 1556–1581.
Banner Michael 2014, The Ethics of Everyday Life: Moral Theology, Social Anthropology, and the Imagination of the Human, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Barclay Pat 2016, Biological Markets and the Effects of Partner Choice on Cooperation and Friendship, Evolutionary Psychology, vol. 7, s. 33–38.
Becker Lawrence C. 1977, Property Rights: Philosophic Foundations, Routledge, London.
Benedict Ruth 2011, Wzory kultury, tłum. J. Prokopiuk, Wydawnictwo Muza SA, Warszawa.
Bernhard Helen, Fischbacher Urs, Fehr Ernst 2006, Parochial Altruism in Humans, Nature, vol. 442, nr 7105, s. 912–915.
Binmore Kenneth 2017, Teoria gier, tłum. I. Konarzewska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź.
BlauPeter M. 1964, Exchange and Power in Social Life, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Blau Peter 1992, Sprawiedliwość w wymianie społecznej, [w:] M. Kempny, J. Szmatka (red.), Współczesne teorie wymiany. Zbiór tekstów, PWN, Warszawa, s. 243–258.
Boone James L. 1992, Competition, Conflict, and the Development of Social Hierarchies, [w:] E.A. Smith, B. Winterhalde (red.), Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, s. 301–337.
Bornstein Erica 2012, Disquieting Gifts: Humanitarianism in New Delhi, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Bowles Samuel, Gintis Herbert 2004, The Evolution of Strong Reciprocity: Cooperation in Heterogeneous Populations, Theoretical Population Biology, vol. 65, nr 1, s. 17–28.
Boyd Robert, Richerson Peter 2005, The Origin and the Evolution of Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Boyd Robert, Richerson Peter 2009, Culture and the Evolution of Human Cooperation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 364, nr 1533, s. 3281–3288.
Boyd Robert, Richerson Peter, Henrich Joseph 2011, The Cultural Niche: Why Social Learning is Essential for Human Adaptation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, Supplement 2, s. 10918–10925.
Brams Steven, Taylor Alan 1996, Fair Division: from Cake-Cutting to Dispute Resolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Brown Donald E. 1991, Human Universals, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bshary Redouan, Grutter Alexandra 2006, Image Scoring and Cooperation in a Cleaner Fish Mutualism, Nature, vol. 441, nr 7096, s. 975–978.
Carter Gerald 2014, The Reciprocity Controversy, Animal Behavior and Cognition, vol. 1, nr 3, s. 368–386.
Cassaniti Julia 2015, Living Buddhism: Mind, Self and Emotion in a Thai Community, Cornell University Press, Ithaca–New York.
Cassaniti Julia, Hickman Jacob 2014, New Directions in the Anthropology of Morality, Anthropological Theory, vol. 14, nr 3, s. 251–262.
Clarke Morgan 2015, Legalism and the Care of the Self: Sharīah Discourse in Contemporary Lebanon, [w:] P. Dresch, J. Scheele (red.), Legalism: Rules and Categories, Oxford University Press, Oxford, s. 231–258.
Clutton-Brock Tim 2002, Breeding Together: Kin Selection and Mutualism in Cooperative Vertebrates, Science, vol. 296, nr 5565, s. 69–72.
Cook Joanna 2010, Meditation in Modern Buddhism: Renunciation and Change in Thai Monastic Life, University Press, Cambridge.
Cosmides Leda, Tooby John 1992, Cognitive Adaptations for Social Change, [w:] L. Cosmides, J.H. Barkow, J. Tooby (red.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Oxford University Press, New York–Oxford, s. 163–228.
Cosmides Leda, Tooby John 2005, Neurocognitive Adaptations Designed for Social Exchange, [w:] D.M. Buss (red.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, s. 584–627.
Cross Susan E., UskulAyse K., Berna Gerçek-Swing, Zeynep Sunbay, Cansu Alözkan, Ceren Günsoy, Bilge Ataca, Zahide Karakitapoğlu-Aygün 2014, Cultural Prototypes and Dimensions of Honor, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 40, nr 2, s. 232–249.
Curry Oliver S. 2007, The Conflict-Resolution Theory of Virtue, [w:] W. Sinnott-Armstrong (red.), The Evolution of Morality: Adaptations and Innateness. Moral Psychology, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, s. 251–262.
Curry Oliver S. 2016, Morality as Cooperation: A Problem-Centred Approach, [w:] T. Shackelford, R. Hansen (red.), The Evolution of Morality, Springer International Publishing, Cham, s. 27–51.
Curry Oliver S., Chesters Matthew 2012, Putting Ourselves in the Other Fellow’s Shoes’: The role of ‘Theory of Mind’ in Solving Coordination Problems, Journal of Cognition and Culture, vol. 12, s. 147–159.
Curry Oliver S., Chesters Matthew J., Van Lissa Caspar J. 2019a, Mapping Morality with a Compass: Testing the Theory of ‘Morality-as-Cooperation’ with a New Questionnaire, Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 78, s. 106–124.
Curry Oliver S., Hare Darragh, Hepbun Cameron J., Johnson Dominic, Buhrmester Michael, Whitehouse Harvey, Macdonald David 2019b, Cooperative Conservation: Seven Ways to Save the World, Conservation Science and Practice, vol. 2, nr 1, s. 1–7.
Curry Oliver S., Mullins Daniel A., Whitehouse Harvey 2019c, Is it Good to Cooperate?: Testing the Theory of Morality-as-Cooperation in 60 Societies, Current Anthropology, vol. 60, nr 1, s. 47–69.
Curry Oliver S., Price Michael E., Price Jade G. 2008, Patience is a Virtue: Cooperative People Have Lower Discount Rates, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 44, nr 3, s. 780–885.
Dave Naisargi N. 2012, Queer Activism in India: a Story in the Anthropology of Ethics, Duke University Press, Durham.
Davey Liane, Bobocel Ramona, Son Hing Leanne, Zanna Mark 1999, Preference for the Merit Principal Scale: An Individual Difference Measure of Distributive Justice Preferences, Social Justice Research, vol. 12, nr 3, s. 223–240.DeScioli Peter 2016, The Side-Taking Hypothesis for Moral Judgment, Evolutionary Psychology, vol. 7, s. 23–27.
DeScioli Peter, Karpoff Rachel 2015, People’s Judgments about Classic Property Law Cases, Human Nature, vol. 26, nr 2, s. 184–209.
DeScioli Peter, Kurzban Robert 2009, Mysteries of Morality, Cognition, vol. 112, nr 2, s. 281–299.
Downie Richard S. 1965, Forgiveness, The Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 15, nr 59, s. 128–134.
Dresch Paul, Scheele Judith (red.) 2015, Legalism: Rules and Categories, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dunbar Robin 2016, Człowiek. Biografia, tłum. Ł. Lamża, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków.
Durkheim Émile 1957 [1937], Professional Ethics and Civic Morals, Routledge, London.
Durkheim Émile 2010 [1912], Elementarne formy życia religijnego. System totemiczny w Australii, tłum. A. Zadrożyńska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Durkheim Émile 2015 [1925], Wychowanie moralne, tłum. P. Kostyło, D. Rybicka, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz.
Edel Abraham 1962, Anthropology and Ethics in Common Focus, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 92, nr 1, s. 55–72.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt Irenaus 2007, Human Ethology, Transaction Publishers, New York.
Eisenberger Robert, Lynch Patrick, Aselage Justin, Rohdieck Stephanie 2004, Who Takes the Most Revenge? Individual Differences in Negative Reciprocity Norm Endorsement, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 30, nr 6, s. 787–799.
Emerson Richard M. 1982, Stosunki wymiany i struktury sieci wymiany, [w:] M. Kempny, J. Szmatka (red.), Współczesne teorie wymiany społecznej. Zbiór tekstów, PWN, Warszawa, s. 396–438.
Emmons Robert A., McCullough Michael E. 2004, The Psychology of Gratitude, Oxford University Press, New York.
Englund Harri 2006, Prisoners of Freedom, University of California Press, London.
Fassin Didier A. 2012, Companion to Moral Anthropology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Faubion James D. 2001, Toward an Anthropology of Ethics: Foucault and the Pedagogies of Autopoiesis, Representations, vol. 74, nr 1, s. 83–104.
Faubion James D. 2011, An Anthropology of Ethics. New Departures in Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fehr Ernst, Fischbacher Urs 2004, Third-Party Punishment and Social Norms, Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 25, nr 2, s. 63–87.
Fehr Ernst, Gächter Simon 2002, Altruistic Punishment in Humans, Nature, vol. 415, nr 6868, s. 137–140.
Fehr Ernst, Schmidt Klaus 1999, A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 114, nr 3, s. 817–868.
Fiske Alan P., Rai Tage S. 2014, Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fortes Meyer 2009 [1987], Religion, Morality and the Person: Essays on Tallensi Religion, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fukuyama Francis 1997, Zaufanie. Kapitał społeczny a droga do dobrobytu, tłum. A. i L. Śliwa, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa–Wrocław.
Gardner Andy, Griffin Ashleigh, West Stuart 2007, Social Semantics: Altruism, Cooperation, Mutualism, Strong Reciprocity and Group Selection, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 20, nr 2, s. 415–432.
Gardner Andy, West Stuart 2014, Inclusive Fitness: 50 Years on, Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences, vol. 369, nr 1642, s. 1–3.
Gehlen Arnold 2017, Moralność i hipertrofia moralności. Etyka pluralistyczna, tłum. R. Michalski, J. Rolewski, E. Paczkowska-Łagowska Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń.
Gert Bernard 2013, Loyalty and Morality, [w:] S.V. Levinsons, P. Woodruff, J. Parker, Loyalty (red.), New York University Press, New York, s. 3–21.
Gibbard Allan 1990a, Norms, Discussion, and Ritual: Evolutionary Puzzles, Ethics, vol. 100, nr 4, s. 787–802.
Gibbard Allan 1990b, Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Gintis Herbert 2000, Strong Reciprocity and Human Sociality, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 206, nr 2, s. 169–179.
Gintis Herbert 2007, The Evolution of Private Property, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol. 64, nr 1, s. 1–16.
Gintis Herbert, Smith Eric, Bowles Samuel 2001, Costly Signaling and Cooperation, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 213, nr 1, s. 103–119.
Godfray Charles 1992, The Evolution of Forgiveness, Nature, vol. 355, nr 6357, s. 206–207.
Gouldner Alvin W. 1992, Norma wzajemności. Preliminaria. W: M. Kempny, J. Szmatka (red.), Współczesne teorie wymiany społecznej. Zbiór tekstów, PWN, Warszawa, s. 73–106.
Graeber David 2018, Dług. Pierwsze pięć tysięcy lat, tłum. B. Kuźniarz, Krytyka Polityczna, Warszawa.
Graham Jesse, Nosek Brian A., Haidt Jonathan, Iyer Ravi, Koleva Spassena, Ditto Peter H. 2011, Mapping the Moral Domain, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 101, nr 2, s. 366–385.
Gray Kurt, Schein Chelsea, Ward Adrian F. 2014, The Myth of Harmless Wrongs in Moral Cognition: Automatic Dyadic Completion from Sin to Suffering, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 143, nr 4, s. 1600–1615.
Greene Joshua 2014, Moral Tribes, Penguin Books, New York.
Greene Joshua 2015, The Rise of Moral Cognition, Cognition, vol. 135, nr 2, s. 39–42.
Haidt Jonathan 2007, The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology, Science, vol. 316, nr 5827, s. 998–1002.
Haidt Jonathan 2012, Prawy umysł. Dlaczego dobrych ludzi dzieli polityka i religia, tłum. A. Nowak-Młynikowska, Smak Słowa, Sopot.
Haidt Jonathan, Craig Joseph 2004, Intuitive Ethics: How Innately Prepared Intuitions Generate Culturally Variable Virtues, Daedalus, vol. 133, nr 4, s. 55–66.
Haidt Jonathan, Craig Joseph 2011, How Moral Foundations Theory Succeeded in Building on Sand: A Response to Suhler and Churchland, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 23, nr 9, s. 2117–2122.
Haidt Jonathan, Graham Jesse 2007, When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals May not Recognize, Social Justice Research, vol. 20, nr 1, s. 98–116.
Haidt Jonathan, Kesebir Selin 2010, Morality, [w:] S. Fiske, G. Gilbert, G. Lindzey (red.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Wiley, Hoboken, s. 797–832.
Hamilton William D. 1964, The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 7, nr 1, s. 17–52.
Hammerstein Peter (red.) 2003, Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Harcourt Alexander H., de Waal Frans B. M. 1992, Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Hardin Garrett 1968, The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, vol. 162, nr 3859, s. 1243–1248.
Hardy Ian C., Briffa Mark 2013, Animal Contests, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Heintz Monica 2021, The Anthropology of Morality: A Dynamic and Interactionist Approach, Routledge, London.
Henrich Joseph, Boyd Robert, Bowles Samuel, Camerer Colin, Fehr Ernst, Gintis Herbert, McElreath Richard, Alvard Michael, Barr Abigail, Ensminger Jean 2005, “Economic Man” in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 28, nr 6, s. 795–855.
Henrich Natalie, Henrich Joseph 2007, Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Henrich Joseph, Muthukrishna Michael 2021, The Origins and Psychology of Human Cooperation, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 72, nr 1, s. 207–240.
Herskovits Melville 2018, Economic Anthropology: A Study in Comparative Economics, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
Heywood Paolo 2015, Freedom in the Code: The Anthropology of (Double) Morality, Anthropological Theory, vol. 15, s. 200–217.
Homans George C. 1975a, Ogólne twierdzenia nauk społecznych, [w:] P. Sztompka (red.), Metodologiczne podstawy socjologii (wybór tekstów), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków.
Homans George C. 1975b, Zachowania społeczne jako wymiana dóbr, [w:] W. Derczyński, A. Jasińska-Kania, J. Szacki, (red.), Elementy teorii socjologicznych. Materiały do dziejów współczesnej socjologii zachodniej, PWN, Warszawa, s. 103–119.
Homans George C. 1992, Podstawowe procesy społeczne, [w:] M. Kempny, J. Szmatka (red.), Współczesne teorie wymiany. Zbiór tekstów, PWN, Warszawa, s. 173–229.
Howell Signe 1997, The Ethnography of Moralities, Routledge, London.
Huntingford Felicity A., Turner Angela 2013, Animal Conflict, Chapman and Hall, London–New York.
Inglehart Ronald, Baker Wayne E. 2000, Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values, American Sociological Review, vol. 65, nr 1, s. 19–51.
Inglehart Ronald, Norris Pippa 2009, Wzbierająca fala. Równouprawnienie płci a zmiana kulturowa na świecie, tłum. B. Hellmann, Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, Warszawa.
Jarmakowski Tomasz, Jarmakowska-Kostrzanowska Lilianna 2016, Polska adaptacja kwestionariusza kodów moralnych (MFQ-PL), Psychologia Społeczna, vol. 4, nr 39, s. 489–508.
Johnson Dominic, Duffy Toft Monica 2014, Grounds for War: The Evolution of Territorial Conflict, International Security, vol. 38, nr 3, s. 7–38.
Kahneman Daniel, Tversky Amos 2013, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, [w:] L.C. MacLean, W.T. Ziemba (red.), World Scientific Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making: Part I, World Scientific, New Jersey, s. 99–127.
Klenk Michael 2019, Moral Philosophy and the ‘Ethical Turn’ in Anthropology, Zeitschrift für Ethik und Moralphilosophie, vol. 2, nr 2, s. 331–253.
Krasnow Max M., Delton Andrew W., Cosmides Leda, Tooby John 2016, Looking under the Hood of Third-Party Punishment Reveals Design for Personal Benefit, Psychological Science, vol. 27, nr 3, s. 405–418.
Kuan Teresa 2015, Love’s Uncertainty: The Politics and Ethics of Child Rearing in Contemporary China, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Laidlaw James 2002, For an Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 8, nr 2, s. 311–332.
Laidlaw James 2013, The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom, New Departures in Anthropology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lambek Michael 2000, The Anthropology of Religion and the Quarrel between Poetry and Philosophy, Current Anthropology, vol. 41, nr 3, s. 309–320.
Lambek Michael 2008, Value and Virtue, Anthropological Theory, vol. 8, nr 2, s. 133–157.
Lambek Michael (red.), 2010, Ordinary Ethics: Anthropology, Language, and Action, Fordham University Press, New York.
Landowska Alina M., Della Piana Bice, Feola Rosangela 2020, Humane Entrepreneurship Model: Does Morality of Entrepreneurs Matter?, Journal of the International Council for Small Business, vol. 1, nr 3–4, s. 177–198.
Lazar Sian 2016, Politics beyond ‘Interest’: Ethics, Kinship, and the Collective Self in Argentine Labour Unions, Malinowski Memorial Lecture, London School of Economics, London.
Lear Jonathan 2015, Waiting with Coetzee, Raritan, vol. 34, nr 4, s. 1–26.
Lehmann Laurent, Keller Laurent 2006, The Evolution of Cooperation and Altruism – A General Framework and a Classification of Models, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 19, nr 5, s. 1365–1376.
Lester Rebecca J. 2005, Jesus in our Wombs: Embodying Modernity in a Mexican Convent, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Lewis David 1969, Convention: A Philosophical Study, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Lillehammer Hallvard 2014, Minding your Business? Understanding Indifference as a Virtue, Philosophical Perspectives, vol. 28, nr 1, s. 111–126.
Lieberman Debra, Tooby John, Cosmides Leda 2003, Does Morality Have a Biological Basis? An Empirical Test of the Factors Governing Moral Sentiments Relating to Incest, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, vol. 270, nr 1517, s. 819–826.
Lieberman Debra, Tooby John, Cosmides Leda 2007, The Architecture of Human Kin Detection, Nature, vol. 445, nr 7129, s. 727–731.
Lukes S. (1985). Marxism and Morality. Oxford University Press, New York.
Malinowski Bronisław 1980, Zwyczaj i zbrodnia w społeczności dzikich, t. 2, PWN, Warszawa.
Manderson Lenore, Levine Susane 2020, COVID-19, Risk, Fear, and Fall-out, Medical Anthropology, vol. 39, nr 5, s. 367–370.
Marett Robert 1916, Origin and Validity in Ethics, The American Journal of Theology, vol. 20, nr 4, s. 517–535.
Marett Robert 1931, The Beginnings of Morals and Culture, [w:] W. Rose (red.), An Outline of Modern Knowledge, Victor Gollancz, London.
Matsuzawa Tetsuro 2001, Primate Foundations of Human Intelligence: A View of Tool Use in Nonhuman Primates and Fossil Hominids, [w:] T. Matsuzawa (red.), Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior, Springer Japan, Tokyo, s. 3–25.
Mattingly Cheryl 2012, Two Virtue Ethics and the Anthropology of Morality, Anthropological Theory, vol. 12, nr 2, s. 161–184.
Mattingly Cheryl, Throop Jason 2018, The Anthropology of Ethics and Morality, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 47, nr 1, s. 475–492.
Mazur Allan 2005, Biosociology of Dominance and Deference, Rowman & Littlefield, Lenham.
McElreath Richard, Boyd Robert, Richerson Peter J. 2003, Shared Norms and the Evolution of Ethnic Markers, Current Anthropology, vol. 44, nr 1, s. 122–130.
Nagel Thomas 1970, The Possibility of Altruism, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Nash John F. 1950, The Bargaining Problem, Econometrica, vol. 18, nr 2, s. 155–162.
Neusner Jacob, Chilton Bruce (red.) 2008, The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions, Bloomsbury Publishing, London–New York.
Nowak Martin A. 2006, Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation, Science, vol. 314, nr 5805, s. 1560–1563.
OhtsuboYohsuke, Watanabe Esuka 2009, Do Sincere Apologies Need to be Costly? Test of a Costly Signaling Model of Apology, Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 30, nr 2, s. 114–123.
Olson Mancur 2012, Logika działania zbiorowego. Dobra publiczne i teoria grup, tłum. S. Szymański, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
Ostrom Elinor 1990, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Ostrom Elinor 2013, Dysponowanie wspólnymi zasobami, tłum. Z. Wiankowska-Ładyka, Wolters Kluwer Polska SA, Warszawa.
Ostrom Elinor, Walker James (red.) 2003, Trust and Reciprocity: Interdisciplinary Lessons for Experimental Research, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Park Nansook, Peterson Christopher, Seligman Martin E. P. 2006, Character Strengths in Fifty-Four Nations and the Fifty US States, The Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 1, nr 3, s. 118–129.
Patterson Thomas 2009, Karl Marx, Anthropologist, Bloomsbury Academic, London.
Paxson Heather 2004, Making Modern Mothers: Ethics and Family Planning in Urban Greece, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Pennock Robert, Chapman Jonathan (red.) 1979, Compromise in Ethics, Law and Politics, t. 21, New York University Press, New York.
Petersen Michael Bang 2013, Moralization as Protection Against Exploitation: Do Individuals Without Allies Moralize More?, Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 34, nr 2, s. 78–85.
Piaget Jean 1967, Rozwój ocen moralnych dziecka, tłum. T. Kołakowska, PWN, Warszawa.
Pinker Steven 2010, The Cognitive Niche: Coevolution of Intelligence, Sociality, and Language, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, nr 2, s. 8993–8999.
Prinz Jesse 2007, Is Morality Innate?, [w:] W. Sinnott-Armstrong (red.), Moral Psychology. The Evolution of Morality: Adaptations and Innateness, t. 1, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Rai Tage, Fiske Alan 2011, Moral Psychology is Relationship Regulation: Moral Motives for Unity, Hierarchy, Equality, and Proportionality, Psychological Review, vol. 118, nr 1, s. 57–75.
Rajtar Małgorzata 2014, Zwrot etyczny i nowa antropologia moralności, Lud, vol. 98, s. 137–156.
Rawls John 1958, Justice as Fairness, The Philosophical Review, vol. 67, nr 2, s. 164–194.
Richards Norvin 1988, Forgiveness, Ethics, vol. 99, nr 1, s. 77–97.
Riechert Susan E. 1998, Game Theory and Animal Contests, [w:] D. Dalbosco Dell’Aglio, M. de Souza Mendonça (red.), Game Theory and Animal Behavior, Oxford University Press, Oxford, s. 64–93.
Robbins Joel 2012, Cultural Values, [w:] D. Fassin (red.), A Companion to Moral Anthropology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, s. 117–132.
Rose Carol M. 1985, Possession as the Origin of Property, The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 52, nr 1, s. 73–88.
Rubin Paul H. 2000, Hierarchy, Human Nature, vol. 11, nr 3, s. 259–279.
Sachs Joel L., Mueller Ulrich G., Wilcox Thomas P., Bull James J. 2004, The Evolution of Cooperation, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 79, nr 2, s. 135–160.
Santema Peter, Schlicht Emmi, Kempenaers Bart 2019, Testing the Conditional Cooperation Model: What Can we Learn from Parents Taking Turns when Feeding Offspring?, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 7, nr 94, s. 1–6.
Schein Chelsea, Gray Kurt 2017, The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 22, nr 1, s. 32–70.
Schwartz Shalom 1992, Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 25, s. 1–65.
Sell Aaron, Tooby John, Cosmides Leda 2009, Formidability and the Logic of Human Anger, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, nr 35, s. 15073–15078.
Sennet Richard 2012, Razem. Rytuały, zalety i zasady współpracy, tłum. J. Dzierzgowski, Warszawskie Wydawnictwo Literackie Muza SA, Warszawa.
Sherratt Tom N., Mesterton-Gibbons Mike 2015, The Evolution of Respect for Property, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 28, nr 6, s. 1185–1202.
Shultz Susanne, Opie Christopher, Atkinson Quentin D. 2011, Stepwise Evolution of Stable Sociality in Primates, Nature, vol. 479, nr 7372, s. 219–222.
Sinnott-Armstrong Walter (red.) 2007, Moral Psychology, t. 1–3, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Skyrms Brian 1996, Evolution of the Social Contract, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Skyrms Brian 2001, The Stag Hunt, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, vol. 75, nr 2, s. 31–41.
Smith John Maynard 1982, Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Smith John Maynard, Price George R. 1973, The Logic of Animal Conflict, Nature, vol. 246, nr 5427, s. 15–18.
Smith John Maynard, Szathmáry Eörs 1995, The Major Transitions in Evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sterelny Kim, Fraser Ben 2017, Evolution and Moral Realism, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 68, nr 4, s. 981–1006.
Strassmann Joan E., Queller David C. 2014, Privatization and Property in Biology, Animal Behaviour, vol. 92, s. 305–311.
Sugden Robert 1986, New Developments in the Theory of Choice under Uncertainty, Bulletin of Economic Research, vol. 38, nr 1, s. 1–24.
Taleb Nicolas 2001, Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in the Markets and in Life, Texere, New York.
Taylor Erin 2013, Materializing Poverty: How the Poor Transform their Lives, AltaMira Press, Lanham.
Tomasello Michael 2015, Historia naturalna ludzkiego myślenia, tłum. B. Kucharzyk, R. Ociepa, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków.
Tomasello Michael 2016, A Natural History of Human Morality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Tomasello Michael, Vaish Amrisha 2013, Origins of Human Cooperation and Morality, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 64, nr 1, s. 231–255.
Tooby John, DeVore Irven 1987, The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution through Strategic Modeling, [w:] W. Kinzey (red.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models, State University of New York Press, New York, s. 183–237.
Trivers Robert L. 1971, The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 46, nr 1, s. 35–57.
von Neumann John, Morgenstern Oskar 1944, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
de Waal Frans 2014, Bonobo i ateista, tłum. K. Kornas, Copernicus Center Press, Kraków.
Warneken Felix, Tomasello Michael 2009, The Roots of Human Altruism, British Journal of Psychology, vol. 100, nr 3, s. 455–471.
Weeden Jason, Kurzban Robert 2013, What Predicts Religiosity? A Multinational Analysis of Reproductive and Cooperative Morals, Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 34, nr 6, s. 440–445.
West Stuart A., Griffin Ashleigh S., Gardner Andy 2007, Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation, Current Biology, vol. 17, nr 16, s. R661–R672.
Westermarck Edvard 1906, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, vol. 2, Macmillan, London.
Westermarck Edvard 1932, Ethical Relativity, Kegan Paul, London.
Wojciszke Bogdan, Wiesław Baryła 2000, Potoczne rozumienie moralności: pięć kodów etycznych i narzędzie ich pomiaru, Przegląd Psychologiczny, vol. 43, nr 4, s. 395–421.
Wong David B. 1984, Moral Relativity, University of California Press, Berkley–Los Angeles–London.
Yarrow Thomas, Candea Matei, Trundle Catherine, Cook Jo (red.) 2015, Detachment: Essays on the Limits of Relational Hhinking, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
Zigon Jarrett 2008, Morality: An Anthropological Perspective, Routledge, London.
Zigon Jarrett, Throop Jason C. 2014, Moral Experience: Introduction, Ethos, vol. 42, nr 1, s. 1–15.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2021 Etnografia Polska