Abstrakt
This article explores changeable strategies used by men in their struggle for modernity and masculinity in contemporary Guinea-Bissau, which include wearing European clothes and showing signs of education. I employ Sherry Ortner’s concept of “serious games” to demonstrate how wearing fashionable clothes becomes a strategy in a game of status and prestige which is framed by the categories of „village people”, „town people” and emigrants, reflecting how local modern identity is shaped by the ideas of modernity and development, and by dreams of migration to Europe. The other side of the game, however, is, for men, the need to negotiate their masculinity. In the context of scarce material resources, fulfilling both of these goals poses a challenge and a contradiction for most Guinean men. As a result, symbolical meanings related to European clothes are sometimes strategically changed by men in their relations with women: through mockery, caricature and hence devaluation of the (otherwise shared) aspirations to modernity. In other cases, non-material attributes, such as signs of education, are foregrounded and employed as alternative strategies. Men manoeuvre among these various strategies in the game of modernity and masculinity, depending on the social context, their material situation and cultural capital at their disposal.
Bibliografia
Appadurai Arjun 2005, Nowoczesność bez granic: kulturowe wymiary globalizacji, tłum. Z. Pucek, Universitas, Kraków.
Bordonaro Lorenzo 2006, Living at the Margins: Youth and Modernity in the Bijagó Islands (Guinea Bissau), rozprawa doktorska, ISCTE, Lizbona.
Bordonaro Lorenzo 2009, “Culture Stops Development!”: Bijagó Youth and the Appropriation of Developmentalist Discourse in Guinea-Bissau, African Studies Review, vol. 52, nr 2, s. 69–92.
Brzezińska Magdalena 2017, W cieniu europejskiej twierdzy. Obraz Zachodu wśród Afrykanów w Gwinei Bissau, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa.
Carvahlo Clara 2002, Ambiguous Representations: Power and Mimesis in Colonial Guinea, Etnográfica, t. 6 (1), s. 93–111.
Castles Stephen, Miller Mark 2011, Migracje we współczesnym świecie, tłum. Anna Gąsior-Niemiec, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa.
Chabal Patrick 1983, Amilcar Cabral. Revolutionary Leadership and Peoples War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Cole Jennifer 2004, Fresh Contact in Tamatave, Madagascar: Sex, Money, and Intergenerational Transformation, American Ethnologist, vol. 31, nr 4, s. 573–588.
Comaroff Jean, Comaroff John L. 2012, Theory from the South: Or, How Euro-America Is Evolving Toward Africa, Routledge, London–New York.
Connell Raewyn W., Messerschmidt James W. 2005, Hegemonic Masculinity, Gender & Society, vol. 19, nr 6, s. 829–859.
Curtin Philip 2003, Gospodarka w okresie kolonialnym, [w:] P. Curtin, S. Feierman, L. Thompson, J. Vansina (red.), Historia Afryki. Narody i cywilizacje, tłum. M. Jannasz, Wydawnictwo Marabut, Gdańsk, s. 601–631.
Dahl Gudrun 1999, On Consuming and Being Consumed, [w:] R. Fardon, W. van Binsbergen, R. van Dijk (red.), Modernity on a Shoestring: Dimensions of Globalization, Consumption and Development in Africa and Beyond, EIDOS, Leiden, s. 13–32.
Einarsdóttir Jónína 2004, Tired of Weeping. Mother Love, Child Death and Poverty in Guinea-Bissau, The University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin.
Ferguson James 1999, Expectations of Modernity. Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
Ferguson James 2006, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
Friedman Jonathan 2005, The Political Economy of Elegance: An African Cult of Beauty, [w:] J. Friedman (red.), Consumption and Identity, Routledge, London, s. 120–134.
Gable Eric 2006, The Funeral and Modernity in Manjaco, Cultural Anthropology, vol. 21, nr 3, s. 385–415.
Gable Eric 2009, Conclusion: Guinea-Bissau Yesterday... and Tomorrow, African Studies Review, vol. 52, nr 2, s. 165–179.
Gaibazzi Paolo 2015, The Quest for Luck: Fate, Fortune, Work and the Unexpected among Gambian Soninke Hustlers, Critical African Studies, vol. 7, nr 3, s. 227–242.
Galli Rosemary E. 1995, Capitalist Agriculture and the Colonial State in Portuguese Guinea, 1926–1974, African Economic History, vol. 23, s. 51–78.
Groes-Green Christian 2009, Hegemonic and Subordinated Masculinities: Class, Violence and Sexual Performance among Young Mozambican Men, Nordic Journal of African Studies, vol. 18, nr 4, s. 286–304.
Hannerz Ulf 2004, Skreolizowany świat, [w:] E. Nowicka, M. Kempny (red.), Badanie kultury. Elementy teorii antropologicznej. Kontynuacje, tłum. J. Giebułtowski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, s. 284–298.
Hannerz Ulf 2006, Theorizing Through the New World? Not Really, American Ethnologist, vol. 33, nr 4, s. 563–565.
Herzfeld Michael 2004, Antropologia. Praktykowanie teorii w kulturze i społeczeństwie, tłum. M. Piechaczek, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków.
Kuligowski Waldemar 2007, Antropologia współczesności. Wiele światów, jedno miejsce, Universitas, Kraków.
Ortner Sherry 1996, Making Gender. The Politics and Erotics of Culture, Beacon Press, Boston.
Piot Charles 2010, Nostalgia for the future, University Press, Chicago.
Smith Daniel Jordan 2002, „Man No be Wood”: Gender and Extramarital Sex in Contemporary Southeastern Nigeria, Ahfad Journal, vol. 19, nr 2, s. 4–20.
Spronk Rachel 2014, The Idea of African Men: Dealing with the Cultural Contradictions of Sex in Academia and in Kenya, Culture, Health & Sexuality, vol. 16, nr 5, s. 504–517.
Thompson John B. 1990, Ideology and Modern Culture. Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication, Cambridge: Polity Press.
UNDP 2020, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Reports, http://www.hdr.undp.org/ (dostęp: 09.04.2020).
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2021 Etnografia Polska