Abstrakt
Some students of anthropology must be familiar with passages from Bronisław Malinowski’s work (1981), in which, based on his personal field experience gained in the Trobriand Islands, he formulated guidelines and postulates defining a new type of research method in social anthropology. One of the most important aspects of Malinowski’s methodological manifesto was drawing attention to the fact that the language of the studied community is a necessary tool. Malinowski strongly emphasised that ethnographers cannot explore the culture of the studied communities, and especially their “spirit”, without knowing the language of the local people. Thus, the ability to speak the respondents’ language, in addition to long-term research, became a rubric for ethnographic studies. In this article, the starting point for the reflection on ethnographic presence in the field is the language and the ethnographer’s level of linguistic (in)competence. Using my own research experience as an example, I show that the language of locals spoken by ethnographers is not only a tool for communication with fieldwork partners, but also that the very use of this language and the level of its competence or the use of its specific variants can become, if ethnographic reflexivity is maintained, the subject of observation and reflection, revealing selected aspects of the explored community and its culture.
Bibliografia
Amit Vered (ed.) 2000, Constructing the Field. Ethnographic Fieldwork in the Contemporary World, Routledge, London and New York.
Angrosino Michael 2007, Doing Ethnographic and Observational Research, SAGE Publications Ltd., London.
Bilaniuk Laada 2005, Contested Tongues. Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, London.
Borchgrevink Axel 2003, Silencing language. Of anthropologists and interpreters, Ethnography, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 95–121.
Buliński Tarzycjusz, Kairski Mariusz (eds.) 2013, Teren w antropologii. Praktyka badawcza we współczesnej antropologii, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań.
Etnografia. Praktyki, teorie, doświadczenia. Antropolog w terenie. Osobiste wymiary doświadczeń etnograficznych 2021, vol.7.
Halemba Agnieszka 2015, Not Looking through a National Lens? Rusyn-Transcarpahian as an Anational Self-Identification in Contemporary Ukraine, [in:] Y. Kleimann, A. Rabus (eds.), Aleksander Brückner revisited. Debatten um Polen und Polentum in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Wallenstein Verlag, pp. 197–220.
Halstead Narmala, Hirsch Eric, Okely Judith (eds.) 2008, Knowing How to Know. Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Present, Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford.
Herman Aleksandra 2019, Kulturowa wiedza kobiet. Transfer międzypokoleniowy w warunkach podwójnej marginalizacji Ukrainek z mniejszości narodowej w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR, Warszawa.
Kosiek Tomasz 2008, „Wspólnota na różnicy budowana”. Kilka uwag o małżeństwach mieszanych polsko-ukraińskich w Białym Borze, [in:] M. Buchowski (ed.), Polska-Ukraina. Pogranicze kulturowe i etniczne, Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze i Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wrocław, pp. 139–149.
Kosiek Tomasz 2014, „Ukraińska” mniejszość narodowa w rumuńskim Maramureszu i problemy jej tożsamości, (niepublikowana rozprawa doktorska), Poznań.
Kosiek Tomasz 2018, Polsko-ukraińskie małżeństwa mieszane – między przeszłością a współczesnością. Uwagi na marginesie życia w Białym Borze, Prace Etnograficzne, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 47–64.
Kosiek Tomasz 2019, When „the Other” Becomes Someone Close… Ethnological Self-reflections on Functioning in a Ukrainian Community in Biały Bór, [in:] M. Zowczak (ed.), Catholic Religious Minorities in the Times of Transformation. Comparative Studies of Religious Culture in Poland and Ukraine, Peter Lang, Berlin pp. 339–360.
Kosiek Tomasz 2020, Ukraińcy, Rusini Karpaccy, Huculi, corcitură… Tożsamość etniczna i indyferentyzm narodowy w Marmaroszu, Lud, vol. 104, pp. 383–411.
Labbé Morgane 2019, National indifference, statistics and the constructivist paradigm: the case of the Tutejsi (‘the people from here’) in interwar Polish censuses, [in:] M. Van Ginderachter, J. Fox (eds.) National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe, Routledge, New York, pp.161–179.
Lehmann Rose 2010, From ethnic cleansing to affirmative action: exploring Poland’s struggle with its Ukrainians minority (1944–1989), Nations and Nationalism, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 285–307.
Len’o Pavlo 2010, Etnokul’turni procesy v seredovyshchi ukraїnciv Maramorshchyny, Narodna tvorchist’ ta etnolohiia, vol. 3, pp. 36–46.
Ładykowski Paweł 2021, Utracony wschód. Antropologiczne rozważania o polskości, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa.
Magocsi Paul Robert, Pop, Ivan 2005, Maramorosh, [in:] P. R. Magocsi, I. Pop (ed.), Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture. Revised and Expanded Edition, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Baflo, London, pp. 320.
Magocsi Paul Robert 2021, Subcarpathian Rus’: The Shaping of a National Identity (1848–1948). Secend edition, revised and expanded, Valerii Padiak Publishers, Uzhhorod.
Malinowski Bronisław 1981, Argonauci Zachodniego Pacyfiku. Relacje o poczynaniach i przygodach krajowców z Nowej Gwinei, tłum. B. Olszewska-Dyoniziak, S. Szynkiewicz, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa.
Moore Leslie C. 2009, On Communicative Competence in the Field, Language & Communication, vol. 29, pp. 244–253.
Motyka Grzegorz 2023, From the Volhynian Massacre to Operation Vistula. The Polish-Ukrainan Conflict 1943–1947, Brill Schöningh, Paderborn, DOI: 10.30965/9783657795376_001.
Okely Judith 2008, Knowing without Notes, [in:] N. Halstead, E. Hirsch, J. Okely (eds.), Knowing How to Know. Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Present, Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford, pp. 55–74.
Okely Judith 2012, Anthropological Practice. Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Method, Routledge, London and New York.
Ottenberg Simon 1990, Thirty Years of Fieldnotes: Changing Relationship to the Text, [in:] R. Sanjek (ed.), Fieldnotes: The Making of Anthropology, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, London, pp. 139–160, DOI: 10.7591/9781501711954.
Pactwa Bożena 2014, Pamięć o przeszłości jako element odtwarzania tożsamości etnicznej mniejszości ukraińskiej w Polsce, [in:] G. Libor, M. Michalska (ed.), Wieloproblemowość – wybrane aspekty ponowoczesności, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice, pp. 85–98.
Pavliuk Mykola, Zhukovsky Arkadii 1993, Maramureş region [in:] V. Kubijovyc, D. Husar Struk (eds.), Encyclopedia of Ukraine, T. 3, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, Toronto, pp. 305–307.
Pavlûk Mykola, Robčuk Ivan 2003, Ukraїns’ki govory Rumuniї, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Edmonton-L’viv–New York–Toronto.
Pisuliński Jan 2017, Przesiedlenie ludności ukraińskiej z Polski do USRR w latach 1944–1947, Wydawnictwo Libra, Rzeszów.
Snyder Timothy 2003a, Akcja “Wisła” a homogeniczność społeczeństwa polskiego, [in:] Jan Pisuliński, Akcja „Wisła”, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa.
Snyder Timothy 2003b, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus 1569-1999, Yale University Press, New Haven – London.
Tanu Danau, Dales Laura 2016, Language in fieldwork: Making visible the ethnographic impact of the researcher’s linguistic fluency, The Australian Journal of Anthropology, vol. 27, pp. 353–369, DOI:10.1111/taja.12150.
Tedlock Barbara 1991, From participant observation to the observation of participant. The emergence of narrative ethnography, Journal of Anthropology Research, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 69–94.
Van Ginderachter Maarten, Fox Jon (ed.) 2019, National Indifference and the History of Nationalism in Modern Europe, Routledge, New York.
Wangler Alexandra 2012, Rethinking History, Reframing Identity. Memory, Generations, and the Dynamics of National Identity in Poland, Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden.
Winchatz Michaela R. 2006, Fieldworker or Foreigner? Ethnographic Interviewing in Nonnative Languages, Field Methods, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 83–97, DOI: 10.1177/1525822X05279902.
Wylegała Anna 2013, Badacz z Polski na Ukrainie: problemy metodologiczne, Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 140–151, DOI:10.18778/1733-8069.9.4.09.
Zahra Tara 2010, Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis, Slavic Review, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 93–119, DOI:10.1017/S0037677900016715.
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Etnografia Polska