Keywords
komşuluk
neighborliness
coexsistence
a(nta)gonistic tolerance
Ottoman Empire
neighborliness
coexsistence
a(nta)gonistic tolerance
Ottoman Empire
How to Cite
Lubańska, M. . (2017). BORDERLAND AREAS AS A SPACE FOR STRATEGIC COEXISTENCE IN RELIGIOUSLY MIXED GROUPS. ON A(NTA)GONISTIC TOLERANCE AND KOMŞULUK IN BALKAN MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES. Etnografia Polska, 61(1-2), 21–41. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/ep/article/view/116
Abstract
My article explores Muslim-Christian borderlands in the Balkans to discuss a geographic area where a strategy of coexistence is imposed on local inhabitants based on good neighbourly relations (komşuluk) and a(nta)gonistic tolerance. Antagonistic tolerance is a term and a research model proposed by Robert Hayden. It refers to the phenomenon of ‘competitive sharing’ in shared holy sites, which can be treated as ‘indicators of political dominance, or challenges to it’ (Hayden, Walker 2013, p. 413). Although I find Hayden’s model very inspiring, in my opinion the term ‘antagonistic tolerance’ needlessly restricts the range of situations that may occur in shared holy sites. Therefore I replace this term with Hayden’s original and discarded coinage ‘agonistic tolerance’. I discuss the local cultural practices of komşuluk and agonistic tolerance from a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. In terms of the diachronic perspective, I draw attention to the Ottoman origins of such coexistence, the longue durée of the phenomenon, and its prevalence throughout the Balkans. I also identify those historical periods in which peaceful relations between Muslims and Christians broke down in response to changing power relations between the two groups. The synchronic perspective offers a way to show how the two groups coexisting within the same areas manage to negotiate cultural meanings while preserving distinct religious identities. I demonstrate how the post-memory that separates the two groups pushes them to maintain good neighbourly relations, but also alerts them to the impact of politics on their mutual relations. I discuss a(nta)gonistic tolerance with regard to the practice of holy sites shared between Muslims and Christians, whose pluralist nature may be under pressure given the current tendency in the Balkans to purge the local varieties of Islam and Christianity of their Ottoman elements.
References
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Bowman Glenn 2012, Identification and identity formations around shared shrines in West Bank Palestine and Western Macedonia, [w:] D. Albera, M. Coroucli (red.), Sharing sacred spaces in the Mediterranean. Christians, Muslims, and Jews at shrines and sanctuaries, Indiana University Press Bloomington, Indianapolis, s. 10–28.
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Bryant Rebecca 2016, Introduction, [w:] R. Bryant (red.), Post-Ottoman coexistence. Sharing space in the shadow of conflict, Berghahn, New York, Oxford, s. 1–40.
Cohen Anthony P. 2007 [1985], The symbolic construction of community, Routledge, London, New York.
Coroucli Maria 2012, Introduction: Sharing sacred places – A Mediterranean tradition, [w:] D. Albera, M. Coroucli (red.), Sharing sacred spaces in the Mediterranean. Christians, Muslims, and Jews at shrines and sanctuaries, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indianapolis, s. 1–9.
Coroucli Maria 2015, Christian spirits and shared shrines, [w:] G. Bowman (red.), Sharing the sacra. The politics and pragmatics of inter-communal relations around holy places, Berghahn, New York, Oxford, s. 44–60.
Drliača Dušan 1997, Między Bośnią, Bukowiną, Serbią i Polską. Studia i szkice etnologiczne, PTL, Wrocław.
Duijzings Ger 2007, Commemorating Srebrenica: Histories of violence and the politics of memory in Eastern Bosnia, Ashgate, Burlington, s. 141–166.
Georgijeva Cvetana 1995, Sažitelstvo kato sistema vŭv vsekidneven život na hristâni i mûsûlmani v Bŭlgariâ, [w:] A. Želâzkova (red.), Vrŭzki na sŭvmestimost i nesŭvmestimost meždu hristâni i mûsûułmani v Bŭlgariâ, IMIR, Sofia, s. 140–164.
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Hasluck Frederick W. 2005 [1929], Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, 1–2, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Hayden Robert M. 2002, Antagonistic tolerance. Competitive sharing of religious sites in South Asia and the Balkans, Current Anthropology, vol. 2, nr 43, s. 204–231.
Hayden Robert M. 2013, Intersecting religioscapes and antagonistic tolerance: Trajectories of competition and sharing sacred spaces in the Balkans, Space & Policy, vol. 3, nr 17, s. 320–334.
Hayden Robert, Tanyeri-Erdemir Tuğba, Walker Timothy D., Erdemir Aykan, Rangachari Devika, Aguilar-Moreno Manuel, López-Hurtado Enrique, Bakić-Hayden Milica 2016, Antagonistic tolerance. Competitive sharing of religious sites and spaces, Routledge, New York.
Hayden Robert, Walker Timothy 2013, Intersecting religioscape: A comparative approach to trajectories of change, scale and competitive sharing of religious space, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 2, nr 81, s. 339–426.
Herzfeld Michael 2007, Zażyłość kulturowa. Poetyka społeczna w państwie narodowym, tłum. M. Buchowski, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków.
Hirsch Marianne 2012, The generation of postmemory: Writing and visual culture after the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, New York.
Krstic Tijana 2011, Contested conversions to Islam. Narratives of religious change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Lozanova Galina 2008, Sŭtvorenieto v ustnata traditsiâ na bŭlgarite mûsŭlmani, Akademično izdatelstvo „Prof. Marin Drinov”, Sofia.
Lubaś Marcin 2011, Różnowiercy. Współistnienie międzyreligijne w zachodniomacedońskiej wsi. Studium z zakresu antropologii społeczno-kulturowej, Wydawnictwo Nomos, Kraków.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2016, Healing chains, relationships of power and competing religious imageries in the monastery of Saints Kosmas and Damian in Kuklen (Bulgaria), Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, vol. 10, nr 1, s. 71–99.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2005, Narodna sotiriologiâ na mûsûlłmanite (pomacite) i pravosłavnite ot rajona na Čepelare v Bŭlgariâ, IMIR, Sofia.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2007, Narratives about dissenter neighbours and their place in the cultural strategy of coexi-stence in the Western Rhodope Region of Bulgaria, Ethnologia Balkanica, vol. 11, s. 15–30.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2012, Synkretyzm a podziały religijne w bułgarskich Rodopach, Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2013, Muslim pilgrims at the orthodox Christian monastery in Hadzidimovo. Studies on religious anti-syncretism in the Western Rhodopes, Bulgaria, Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, vol. 2, nr 22, s. 91–110.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2014, Początek świata: żywoty proroków jako źródła religijnych dystynkcji w narracjach bułgarskojęzycznych muzułmanów, Slavia Meridionalis, vol. 14, s. 148–164, https://doi.org/10.11649/sm.2014.006, dostęp 14.12.2017.
Lubańska/Lubanska Magdalena 2015, Muslims and Christians in the Bulgarian Rhodopes. Studies on religious (anti)syncretism, De Gruyter Open, Warsaw, Berlin.
Maass Peter 1997, Love thy neighbor. A story of war, A Division of Random House, New York.
Malcolm Noel 2001, Crypto-Christianity and religious amphibianism in the Ottoman Balkans: The case of Kosovo, [w:] C. Hawkesworth, M. Heppel, H.T. Norris (red.), Religious quest and national identity in the Balkans, Palgrave, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, New York, London, s. 91–110.
Mastnak Tomaž 2010, Western hostility toward Muslims. A history of the present, [w:] A. Shryock (red.), Islamophobia, islamophilia. Beyond the politics of enemy and friend, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indianapolis, s. 29–52.
Motyka Grzegorz 2011, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji „Wisła”. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków.
Motyka Grzegorz Wołyń 43’ – Ludobójcza czystka – fakty, analogie, polityka historyczna, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków.
Norton John 2001, The Bektashis in the Balkans, [w:] C. Hawkesworth, M. Heppel, H.T. Norris (red.), Religious quest and national identity in the Balkans, Palgrave, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, New York, London, s. 168–200.
Pasieka Agnieszka 2016, Jak uratować pogranicze? O teoretycznych modach i metodologicznych pułapkach, Wielogłos, t. 2, nr 28, s. 125–144.
Peacock Andrew, de Nicola Bruno, Nur Yıldız Sara 2015, Introduction, [w:] A.C.S. Peacock, B. de Nicola, S. Nur Yildiz (red.), Islam and Christianity in Medieval Anatolia, University of St Andrews, Ashgate, Burlington, s. 1–22.
Posern-Zieliński Aleksander 1987, Synkretyzm, [w:] Z. Staszczak (red.), Słownik etnologiczny, PWN, Warszawa, Poznań, s. 337–339.
Rajčevski Stoân 2004, Bŭlgarite mohamedani, Nacjonalen muzei na bŭłgarskata kniga i poligrafiâ, Sofia.
De Rapper Gilles 2012, The Vakëf: Sharing religious space in Albania, [w:] D. Albera, M. Coroucli (red.), Sharing sacred spaces in the Mediterranean. Christians, Muslims, and Jews at shrines and sanctuaries, Indiana University Press Bloomington, Indianapolis, s. 29–50.
Roth Klaus 2006, Living together or side by side? Interethnic coexistence in multiethnic societies, [w:] R. Byron (red.), Negotiating culture, moving, mixing and memory in contemporary Europe, LIT, Berlin, s. 18–32.
Sadowski Andrzej 2008, Pogranicza. Studia społeczne, t. 14, numer specjalny, H. Bojar, D. Wojakowski, A. Sadowski (red.), Polskie granice i pogranicza: nowe problemy i interpretacje, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok, s. 17–30.
Schutz Alfred 1962, Collected papers I. The problem of social reality, Martinus Nijhoff, Haga, Boston, London.
Shaw Rosalind, Stewart Charles 1994, Introduction: problematizing syncretism, [w:] R. Shaw Rosalind, Ch. Stewart (red.), Syncretism/anti-syncretism. The politics of religious synthesis, Routledge, New York, s. 1–24.
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