Glass beads in the northern regions of Rus’: issues of trade routes and chronology
Słowa kluczowe:
Ruś średniowieczna, paciorki szklane, Ruś -- region północny, szlaki handlowe, handel futramiAbstrakt
The article is devoted to issues connected with trade routes and chronology of glass beads in the northern regions of medieval Rus’: Priladozh’e and Belozer’e (Russian North ), corresponding today mainly to the Leningrad and Vologda regions. Barter in the fur trade caused huge quantities of glass beads to be concentrated in settlements of the region. Different bead types were present in three chronological periods: 10th–beginning of 11th c., 11th, 12th–13th centuries. Comparison of certain bead types traces the routes by which glass beads came to the north of Rus’. Another method calls for comparing bead necklaces from burials. Cemeteries of the 11th c. in Belozer’e have helped to clarify some of the issues. A characteristic of trade routes in the 12th–13th centuries is limited due to a decline in the number of beads from archaeological sites.
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Bibliografia
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Khvoshchinskaya N. V. 2004, Finny na zapade Novgorodskoi zemli (po materialam mogilnika Zalachtovie), Sankt Peterburg.
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Lehtosalo - Hilander P. - L. 1982, Luistari II. The artefacts, Helsinki.
Leont’ev A. E. 1996, Arkheologiya meri. K predystorii cevero-vostochnoi Rusi, Moskva.
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L’vova Z. A. 1959, Steklyannye braslety i busy iz Sarkela-Beloi Vezhi, [in:] Trudy Volgo-Donskoi, arkheologicheskoi ékspedicii, M.I. Artamonov ed., 2, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 75, Moskva, pp. 307–332.
L’vova Z. A. 1968, Steklyannye busy Staroi Ladogi, Chast’ 1. Sposoby izgotovleniya, areal i vremya rasprostraneniya, „Arkheologicheskii Sbornik”, 10, pp. 64–94.
L’vova Z. A. 1970, Steklyannye busy Staroi Ladogi. Chast’ II, „Arkheologicheskii sbornik”, 12, pp. 89–111.
L’vova Z. A. 1977, K voprosu o prichinakh proniknoveniya steklyannykh bus X-nachala XI veka v severnye raiony vostochnoi Evropy, „Arkheologicheskii sbornik”, 18, pp. 106–109.
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Makarov N. A. 1993, Russkii Sever: tainstvennoe srednevekov’e, Moskva.
Makarov N. A. 1997, Kolonizatsiya severnykh okrain drevnei Rusi v 11–13 vv. Po materialam arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov na volokakh Belozer’ya i Poonezh’ya, Moskva.
Makarov N. A. 2012, The fur trade in the economy of the northern borderlands of medieval Russia, [in:] The archaeology of medieval Novgorod in context. Studies in centre/periphery relations, Oxford, pp. 381–390.
Makarov N. A., Zakharov S. D. 2009, Pushnoi promysel v khozyaistve kubenozerskikh poselenii, [in:] Arkheologiya severnorusskoi derevni 10–13 vekov: srednevekovye poseleniya i mogil’niki na Kubenskom ozere, 3, Paleoekologicheskie usloviya, obshchestvo i kul’tura, Moskva, pp. 68–79.
Motsya A. P. 1992, Obshchie zakonomernosti torgovo-economicheskikh vzaimootnoshenii Kieva i Bolgara v 9–13 vv., [in:] Put’ is Bulgara v Kiev, Kazan’, pp. 6–12.
Mugurevich É. S. 1965, Vostochnaya Latviya i sosednie zemli v X–XIII vv., Riga.
Mugurēvich Ē. 1995, Finds of glass beads from the tenth to thirteenth centuries in Latvia, [in:] Glass Beads. Cultural history, technology, experiment and analogy, M. Rasmussen, U. Lund Hansen, U. Näsman eds., Studies in Technology and Culture, 2, Lejre, pp. 33–36.
Nosov E. N., Goryunova V. M., Plokhov A.V. 2005, Gorodishche pod Novgorodom i poseleniya severnogo Priil’men’ya (novye materialy i issledovaniya), Sankt Peterburg.
Petrukhin V. 2002, Put’ is varyag v greki. Stanovoi hrebet drevnerusskoi derzhavy, „Rodina”, 11–12, Moskva, pp. 52–58.
Poluboyarinova M. D. 1988, Steklyannye izdeliya Bolgarskogo gorodishcha, [in:] Gorod Bolgar. Ocherki remeslennoi deyatel’nosti, Moskva, pp. 151–219.
Ryabinin E. A. 1982, Busy Staroi Ladogi (po materialam raskopok 1973–1975 gg.), [in:] Severnaya Rus’ i ee sosedi v épokhu rannego srednevekov’ya, Leningrad, pp. 165–173.
Rybina E. A. 1971, Iz istorii yuzhnogo importa v Novgorod, „Sovetskaya arkheologiya”, 1, pp. 260–264.
SafarovaI. A. 1998, Busy Izbrizhskogo nekropolya, [in:] Tver, Tverskaya zemlya i sopredelnye territorii v épochu srednevekov’ya, 3, Tver.
Savel’eva E. A. 1987, Vymskie mogil’niki XI–XIV vv., Leningrad.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1956, Steklyannye busy drevnego Novgoroda, Trudy novgorodskoi arkheologicheskoi ékspeditsii I, A.V. Artsikhovskii, B.A. Kolchin eds, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 55, Moskva, pp. 164–179.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1991, Vizantiya i vostochnaya Evropa. Napravlenie i kharakter svyazei v 9–12 vv. (po nahodkam iz stekla), [in:] Vizantiya. Sredizemnomor’e, Slavyanskii mir, K XVIII Mezhdunarodnomu Kongressu Vizantinistov, Moskva, pp. 155–177.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1998, Vizantiyskoe steklo. Ocherki istorii, Moskva.
Shchapova Yu. L., Likhter Yu. A. 1991, Gnezdovskie busy. Po materialam raskopok kurganov i poseleniya, [in:] Smolensk i Gnezdovo, Moskva, pp. 244–259.
Steppuhn P. 1998, Die Glasfunde von Haithabu, Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu, 32, Neumünster.
Stolyarova E. K. 2008, Steklyannye busy Myakininskoi kurgannoi gruppy, [in:] Arkheologiya Podmoskov’ya, Materialy nauchnogo seminara, 4, Moskva, pp. 47–61.
Thunmark - Nylèn L. 1995, Churchyard finds from Gotland (11th–12th centuries), [in:] Archaeology East and West of the Baltic, Stockholm.
Uspenskaya A. V. 1953, Kurgany yuzhnoi Belorussii 10–13 vv., [in:] „Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya”, 22, Moskva, pp. 97–124.
Valiulina S. I. 2005, Steklo Volzhskoi Bulgarii (po materialam Bilyarskogo gorodishcha), Kazan’.
Valiulina S. I. 2008, Steklyannye busy Semenovskogo I i Izmerskogo I selishch, [in:] Selskaya Rus’ v 9–16 vekakh, Moskva, pp. 288–298.
Zakharov S. D. 2004, Drevnerusskii gorod Beloozero, Moskva.
Zakharov S. D. 2014, Beloozero, [in:] Rus’ v 9–10 vv.: arkheologicheskaya panorama, Moskva–Vologda, pp. 212–239.
Zakharov S. D. 2014, Novye metody polevykh issledovanii i problemy interpretatsii kollektsii steklyannykh bus, [in:] „Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii”, 236, pp. 184–191.
Zakharov S. D. 2015, Steklyannye busy v arkheologicheskich kollektsiyakh: novye metody polevykh issledovanii i problemy interpretatsii rezul’tatov, [in:] Steklo vostochnoi Evropy s drevnosti do nachala 20 veka, Sankt Peterburg, pp. 347–355.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2005, O nekotoryh osobennostyakh materialnoi kul’tury severnykh poselenii, „Rossiiskaya arkheologiya”, 4, pp. 115–124.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2008, Veshchevoi material Mininskogo arkheologicheskogo kompleksa: Izdeliya iz stekla i kamennye busy, [in:] Arkheologiya severnorusskoi derevni 10–13 vekov: srednevekovye poseleniya i mogil’niki na Kubenskom ozere, 2, Material’naya kul’tura i khronologiya, Moskva, pp. 142–215.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2010, Torgovo-économicheskie otnosheniya Rusi i Volzhskoi Bolgarii (po materialam srednevekovykh pamyatnikov Russkogo Severa), [in:] Rus’ i Vostok v 9–16 vekakh, Moskva, pp. 28–36.
Boguslavski O. I. 1992, Yugo-vostochnoe Priladozh’e i trans-evropeyskie svyazi 9–11 vv., [in:] Naselenie Leningradskoi oblasti, Materialy i issledovaniya po istorii i traditsionnoi kulture, Sankt Peterburg, pp. 44–68.
Callmer J. 1977, Trade beads and beads trade in Scandinavia ca. 800–1000 A.D., Bonn–Lund.
Dekówna M. 2007, Wczesnośredniowieczne ozdoby szklane ze zbiorów Państwowego Muzeum Archeologicznego, na tle ogólnej problematyki rozwoju szklarstwa / Early mediewal glass ornaments in the collection of the State Archaeological Museum, against the general background of the development of glass making, [in:] Skarby wieków średnich. Katalog wystawy / Teasures of the Middle Ages. Catalogue of the exhibition, W. Brzeziński ed., Warszawa, pp. 52–89.
Dekówna M., Purowski T. 2015, Glass beads, [in:] Bodzia. A Late Viking Age elite cemetery in central Poland, A. Buko ed., Leiden–Boston, pp. 222–261.
Énukov V. V., Shchavelev S. P. 1996, Osnovnye napravleniya torgovykh svyazei Kurskoi zemli v 10–13 vv., [in:] Torgovlya Kurskogo kraya s drevneyshikh vremen do nachala 20 veka, Kursk, pp. 12–34.
Fekhner M. V. 1959, K voprosu ob ékonomicheskikh svyazyakh drevnerusskoi derevni, [in:] Ocherki po istorii russkoi derevni X–XIII v.v., B.A. Rybakov ed., „Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya”, 33, Moskva, pp. 149–224.
Frenkel Ya. V. 1997, Steklyannye busy Syaskogo Gorodishcha (raskopki 1987–89 i 1996–97 gg.), [in:] Ladoga i religioznoe soznanie, Sankt Peterburg.
Frenkel Ya. V. 2011, Khronologiya steklyannykh bus Zemlyanogo gorodishcha Staroi Ladogi: traditsionnyi podkhod i metodicheskaya korrektirovka, [in:] Steklo vostochnoi Evropy v drevnosti, srednevekov’e i novoe vremya: izuchenie i restavratsiya. Tezisy dokladov, Moskva, pp. 23–24.
Goldina R. D., Kananin V. A. 1989, Srednevekovye pamyatniki verchoyev Kamy, Sverdlovsk, pp. 69–77.
Khvoshchinskaya N. V. 2004, Finny na zapade Novgorodskoi zemli (po materialam mogilnika Zalachtovie), Sankt Peterburg.
Kuzina I. N. 2009, Mogil’niki Belozer’ya v 11 v. (sravnitelnyi analiz po materialam nakhodok steklyannykh bus), [in:] Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Povolzh’ya, 4, Yoshkar-Ola, pp. 22–36.
Kuzina I. N. 2015, Steklyannye busy iz mogil’nika Nikolskoe III v tsentralnom Belozer’e, [in:] Goroda i vesi srednevekovoi Rusi: arkheologiya, istoriya, kultura, Moskva–Vologda, pp. 240–246.
Lehtosalo - Hilander P. - L. 1982, Luistari II. The artefacts, Helsinki.
Leont’ev A. E. 1996, Arkheologiya meri. K predystorii cevero-vostochnoi Rusi, Moskva.
L’vova Z. A. 1958, Tekhnologicheskaya klassifikatsiya steklyannykh bus domongol’skoi Rusi, „Arkheologicheskii sbornik”, 14, Leningrad, pp. 15–18.
L’vova Z. A. 1959, Steklyannye braslety i busy iz Sarkela-Beloi Vezhi, [in:] Trudy Volgo-Donskoi, arkheologicheskoi ékspedicii, M.I. Artamonov ed., 2, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 75, Moskva, pp. 307–332.
L’vova Z. A. 1968, Steklyannye busy Staroi Ladogi, Chast’ 1. Sposoby izgotovleniya, areal i vremya rasprostraneniya, „Arkheologicheskii Sbornik”, 10, pp. 64–94.
L’vova Z. A. 1970, Steklyannye busy Staroi Ladogi. Chast’ II, „Arkheologicheskii sbornik”, 12, pp. 89–111.
L’vova Z. A. 1977, K voprosu o prichinakh proniknoveniya steklyannykh bus X-nachala XI veka v severnye raiony vostochnoi Evropy, „Arkheologicheskii sbornik”, 18, pp. 106–109.
Makarov N. A. 1990, Naselenie russkogo severa v 11–13 vv. (Po materialam mogil’nikov vostochnogo Prionezh’ya), Moskva.
Makarov N. A. 1993, Russkii Sever: tainstvennoe srednevekov’e, Moskva.
Makarov N. A. 1997, Kolonizatsiya severnykh okrain drevnei Rusi v 11–13 vv. Po materialam arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov na volokakh Belozer’ya i Poonezh’ya, Moskva.
Makarov N. A. 2012, The fur trade in the economy of the northern borderlands of medieval Russia, [in:] The archaeology of medieval Novgorod in context. Studies in centre/periphery relations, Oxford, pp. 381–390.
Makarov N. A., Zakharov S. D. 2009, Pushnoi promysel v khozyaistve kubenozerskikh poselenii, [in:] Arkheologiya severnorusskoi derevni 10–13 vekov: srednevekovye poseleniya i mogil’niki na Kubenskom ozere, 3, Paleoekologicheskie usloviya, obshchestvo i kul’tura, Moskva, pp. 68–79.
Motsya A. P. 1992, Obshchie zakonomernosti torgovo-economicheskikh vzaimootnoshenii Kieva i Bolgara v 9–13 vv., [in:] Put’ is Bulgara v Kiev, Kazan’, pp. 6–12.
Mugurevich É. S. 1965, Vostochnaya Latviya i sosednie zemli v X–XIII vv., Riga.
Mugurēvich Ē. 1995, Finds of glass beads from the tenth to thirteenth centuries in Latvia, [in:] Glass Beads. Cultural history, technology, experiment and analogy, M. Rasmussen, U. Lund Hansen, U. Näsman eds., Studies in Technology and Culture, 2, Lejre, pp. 33–36.
Nosov E. N., Goryunova V. M., Plokhov A.V. 2005, Gorodishche pod Novgorodom i poseleniya severnogo Priil’men’ya (novye materialy i issledovaniya), Sankt Peterburg.
Petrukhin V. 2002, Put’ is varyag v greki. Stanovoi hrebet drevnerusskoi derzhavy, „Rodina”, 11–12, Moskva, pp. 52–58.
Poluboyarinova M. D. 1988, Steklyannye izdeliya Bolgarskogo gorodishcha, [in:] Gorod Bolgar. Ocherki remeslennoi deyatel’nosti, Moskva, pp. 151–219.
Ryabinin E. A. 1982, Busy Staroi Ladogi (po materialam raskopok 1973–1975 gg.), [in:] Severnaya Rus’ i ee sosedi v épokhu rannego srednevekov’ya, Leningrad, pp. 165–173.
Rybina E. A. 1971, Iz istorii yuzhnogo importa v Novgorod, „Sovetskaya arkheologiya”, 1, pp. 260–264.
SafarovaI. A. 1998, Busy Izbrizhskogo nekropolya, [in:] Tver, Tverskaya zemlya i sopredelnye territorii v épochu srednevekov’ya, 3, Tver.
Savel’eva E. A. 1987, Vymskie mogil’niki XI–XIV vv., Leningrad.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1956, Steklyannye busy drevnego Novgoroda, Trudy novgorodskoi arkheologicheskoi ékspeditsii I, A.V. Artsikhovskii, B.A. Kolchin eds, Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 55, Moskva, pp. 164–179.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1991, Vizantiya i vostochnaya Evropa. Napravlenie i kharakter svyazei v 9–12 vv. (po nahodkam iz stekla), [in:] Vizantiya. Sredizemnomor’e, Slavyanskii mir, K XVIII Mezhdunarodnomu Kongressu Vizantinistov, Moskva, pp. 155–177.
Shchapova Yu. L. 1998, Vizantiyskoe steklo. Ocherki istorii, Moskva.
Shchapova Yu. L., Likhter Yu. A. 1991, Gnezdovskie busy. Po materialam raskopok kurganov i poseleniya, [in:] Smolensk i Gnezdovo, Moskva, pp. 244–259.
Steppuhn P. 1998, Die Glasfunde von Haithabu, Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu, 32, Neumünster.
Stolyarova E. K. 2008, Steklyannye busy Myakininskoi kurgannoi gruppy, [in:] Arkheologiya Podmoskov’ya, Materialy nauchnogo seminara, 4, Moskva, pp. 47–61.
Thunmark - Nylèn L. 1995, Churchyard finds from Gotland (11th–12th centuries), [in:] Archaeology East and West of the Baltic, Stockholm.
Uspenskaya A. V. 1953, Kurgany yuzhnoi Belorussii 10–13 vv., [in:] „Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Istoricheskogo Muzeya”, 22, Moskva, pp. 97–124.
Valiulina S. I. 2005, Steklo Volzhskoi Bulgarii (po materialam Bilyarskogo gorodishcha), Kazan’.
Valiulina S. I. 2008, Steklyannye busy Semenovskogo I i Izmerskogo I selishch, [in:] Selskaya Rus’ v 9–16 vekakh, Moskva, pp. 288–298.
Zakharov S. D. 2004, Drevnerusskii gorod Beloozero, Moskva.
Zakharov S. D. 2014, Beloozero, [in:] Rus’ v 9–10 vv.: arkheologicheskaya panorama, Moskva–Vologda, pp. 212–239.
Zakharov S. D. 2014, Novye metody polevykh issledovanii i problemy interpretatsii kollektsii steklyannykh bus, [in:] „Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arkheologii”, 236, pp. 184–191.
Zakharov S. D. 2015, Steklyannye busy v arkheologicheskich kollektsiyakh: novye metody polevykh issledovanii i problemy interpretatsii rezul’tatov, [in:] Steklo vostochnoi Evropy s drevnosti do nachala 20 veka, Sankt Peterburg, pp. 347–355.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2005, O nekotoryh osobennostyakh materialnoi kul’tury severnykh poselenii, „Rossiiskaya arkheologiya”, 4, pp. 115–124.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2008, Veshchevoi material Mininskogo arkheologicheskogo kompleksa: Izdeliya iz stekla i kamennye busy, [in:] Arkheologiya severnorusskoi derevni 10–13 vekov: srednevekovye poseleniya i mogil’niki na Kubenskom ozere, 2, Material’naya kul’tura i khronologiya, Moskva, pp. 142–215.
Zakharov S. D., KuzinaI. N. 2010, Torgovo-économicheskie otnosheniya Rusi i Volzhskoi Bolgarii (po materialam srednevekovykh pamyatnikov Russkogo Severa), [in:] Rus’ i Vostok v 9–16 vekakh, Moskva, pp. 28–36.
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Kuzina, I. (2016). Glass beads in the northern regions of Rus’: issues of trade routes and chronology. Archeologia Polski, 61, 219–240. Pobrano z https://journals.iaepan.pl/apol/article/view/206
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