O rygorach metodycznych analizowania kopalnego DNA i skutkach ich nieprzestrzegania
Keywords:
kopalny DNA, sekwencjonowanie DNA, mtDNA, haplotyp, haplogrupaAbstract
Procedura analizy kopalnego DNA przedstawiona w rozdziale 5 obszernej monografii na temat szczątków z okresu kultury amfor kulistych (stanowisko Koszyce 3; M. Kuś, A. Ossowski 2013) sugeruje szereg metodycznych nieprawidłowości. Analiza DNA tego samego materiału przeprowadzona zgodnie z powszechnie przyjętymi rygorami analizy kopalnego DNA każe wątpić w autentyczność publikowanych sekwencji oraz sposób interpretowania uzyskanych danych.
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References
Barta J. L., Monroe C., Kemp B. M., 2013 Further evaluation of the efficacy of contamination removal from bone surfaces, “Forensic Science International”, 231 (1–3), s. 340–348
Bollongino R., Nehlich O., Richards M. P., Orschiedt J., Thomas M. G., Sell C., Fajkosova Z., Powell A., Burger J., 2013 2000 years of parallel societies in Stone Age Central Europe, “Science”, 342 (6157), s. 479–481
Bramanti B., Thomas M. G., Haak W., Unterlaender M., Jores P., Tambets K., Antanaitis-Jacobs I., Haidle M. N., Jankauskas R., Kind C. J., Lueth F., Terberger T., Hiller J., Matsumura S., Forster P., Burger J., 2009 Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe’s first farmers, „Science”, 326 (5949), s. 137–140
Brandt G., Szécsényi-Nagy A., Roth C., Alt K. W., Haak W., 2014 Human paleogenetics of Europe – The known knowns and the known unknowns, „Journal of Human Evolution”, 79, 73–92
Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Johnson P. L., Green R. E., Kelso J., Prufer K., Meyer M., Krause J., Ronan M. T., Lachmann M., Pääbo S., 2007 Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 104 (37), s. 14616–14621
Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Meyer M., Krause J., Kircher M., Pääbo S., 2010 Removal of deaminated cytosines and detection of in vivo methylation in ancient DNA, „Nucleic Acids Research”, 38, e87
Cooper A., Poinar H. N., 2000 Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all, „Science”, 289 (5482), s. 1139
Elsner J., Schibler J., Hofreiter M., Schlumbaum A., 2014 Burial condition is the most important factor for mtDNA PCR amplification success in Palaeolithic equid remains from the Alpine foreland, „Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences”, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12520-014-0213-4
Gilbert M. T., Willerslev E., Hansen A. J., Barnes I., Rudbeck L., Lynnerup N., Cooper A., 2003 Distribution patterns of postmortem damage in human mitochondrial DNA, „American Journal of Human Genetics”, 72 (1), s. 32–47
Green R. E., Briggs A. W., Krause J., Prufer K., Burbano H. A., Siebauer M., Lachmann M., Pääbo S., 2009 The Neandertal genome and ancient DNA authenticity, „The EMBO Journal”, 28 (17), s. 2494–2502
Haak W., Balanovsky O., Sanchez J. J., Koshel S., Zaporozhchenko V., Adler C. J., Der Sarkissian C. S., Brandt G., Schwarz C., Nicklisch N., Dresely V., Fritsch B., Balanovska E., Villems R., Meller H., Alt K. W., Cooper A.; Members of the Genographic Consortium 2010 Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities, „PLoS Biol”, 8 (11), e1000536
Hofreiter M., Serre D., Poinar H.N., Kuch M., Pääbo S., 2001 Ancient DNA, „Nature Review Genetics”, 2 (5), s. 353–359
Hofreiter M., Paijmans J. L. A., Goodchild H., Speller C. F., Barlow A., Fortes G. G., Thomas J. A., Ludwig A., Collins M. J., 2015 The future of ancient DNA: Technical advances and conceptual shifts, „Bioessays”, 37, s. 284–293
Kemp B. M., Smith D. G., 2005 Use of bleach to eliminate contaminating DNA from the surface of bones and teeth, „Forensic Sciences International”, 154 (1), s. 53–61
Kloss-Brandstatter A., Pacher D., Schonherr S., Weissensteiner H., Binna R., Specht G., Kronenberg F., 2011 HaploGrep: a fast and reliable algorithm for automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, „Human Mutation”, 32, s. 25–32
Knapp M., Hofreiter M., 2010 Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient DNA: Requirements, Strategies and Perspectives, „Genes”, 2010 (1), s. 227–243
Kuś M., Ossowski A., 2013 Analiza mtDNA ludzkich szczątków kostnych, [w:] Koszyce, stanowisko 3. Przemoc i rytuał u schyłku neolitu. M.M. Przybyła, A. Szczepanek, P. Włodarczyk red., Kraków–Pękowice, s. 109–113
Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Mittnik A., Renaud G., Mallick S., Kirsanow K., Sudmant P. H., Schraiber J. G., Castellano S., Lipson M., Berger B., Economou C., Bollongino R., Fu Q., Bos K. I., Nordenfelt S., Li H., de Filippo C., Prüfer K., Sawyer S., Posth C., Haak W., Hallgren F., Fornander E., Rohland N., Delsate D., Francken M., Guinet J. M., Wahl J., Ayodo G., Babiker H. A., Bailliet G., Balanovska E., Balanovsky O., Barrantes R., Bedoya G., Ben-Ami H., Bene J., Berrada F., Bravi C.M., Brisighelli F., Busby G.B., Cali F., Churnosov M., Cole D.E., Corach D., Damba L., van Driem G., Dryomov S., Dugoujon J. M., Fedorova S. A., Gallego Romero I., Gubina M., Hammer M., Henn B. M., Hervig T.,Hodoglugil U., Jha A. R., Karachanak-Yankova S., Khusainova R., Khusnutdinova E., Kittles R., Kivisild T., Klitz W., Kučinskas V., Kushniarevich A., Laredj L., Litvinov S., Loukidis T., Mahley R.W., Melegh B., Metspalu E., Molina J., Mountain J., Näkkäläjärvi K., Nesheva D., Nyambo T., Osipova L., Parik J., Platonov F., Posukh O., Romano V., Rothhammer F., Rudan I., Ruizbakiev R., Sahakyan H., Sajantila A., Salas A., Starikovskaya E. B., Tarekegn A., Toncheva D., Turdikulova S., Uktveryte I., Utevska O., Vasquez R., Villena M., Voevoda M., Winkler C. A., Yepiskoposyan L., Zalloua P., Zemunik T., Cooper A., Capelli C., Thomas M. G., Ruiz-Linares A., Tishkoff S. A., Singh L., Thangaraj K., Villems R., Comas D., Sukernik R., Metspalu M., Meyer M., Eichler E. E., Burger J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S., Kelso J., Reich D., Krause J., 2014 Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, „Nature”, 513 (7518), s. 409–413
Lorkiewicz W., Płoszaj T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Żądzińska E., Strapagiel D., Haduch E., Szczepanek A., Grygiel R., Witas H. W., 2015 Between the Baltic and Danubian Worlds: The Genetic Affinities of a Middle Neolithic Population from Central Poland, „PLoS One”, 10 (2), e0118316.
Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W. E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L. A., Berka J., Braverman M. S., Chen Y. J., Chen Z., Dewell S. B., Du L., Fierro J. M., Gomes X. V., Godwin B. C., He W., Helgesen S., Ho C. H., Irzyk G. P., Jando S. C., Alenquer M. L., Jarvie T. P., Jirage K. B., Kim J. B., Knight J. R., Lanza J. R., Leamon J. H., Lefkowitz S. M., Lei M., Li J., Lohman K. L., Lu H., Makhijani V. B., McDade K. E., McKenna M. P., Myers E. W., Nickerson E., Nobile J. R., Plant R., Puc B. P., Ronan M. T., Roth G. T., Sarkis G. J., Simons J. F., Simpson J. W., Srinivasan M., Tartaro K. R., Tomasz A., Vogt K. A., Volkmer G.A., Wang S. H., Wang Y., Weiner M. P., Yu P., Begley R. F., Rothberg J. M., 2005 Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors, „Nature”, 437, s. 376–380
Olalde I., Lalueza-Fox C., 2015 Modern humans’ paleogenomics and the new evidences on the European prehistory, „Science and Technology of Archaeological Research”, 1 (1), s. 1–9
Pääbo S., Poinar H., Serre D., Jaenicke-Despres V., Hebler J., Rohland N., Kuch M., Krause J., Vigilant L., Hofreiter M., 2004 Genetic analyses from ancient DNA, „Annual Review of Genetics”, 38, s. 645–679
Pilli E., Modi A., Serpico C., Achilli A., Lancioni H., Lippi B., Bertoldi F., Gelichi S., Lari M., Caramelli D., 2013 Monitoring DNA contamination in handled vs. directly excavated ancient human skeletal remains, „PLoS One”, 8 (1), e52524
Plantinga T. S., Alonso S., Izagirre N., Hervella M., Fregel R., van der Meer J. W., Netea M. G., de la Rúa C., 2012 Low prevalence of lactase persistence in Neolithic South-West Europe. European journal of human genetics, „European Journal of Human Genetics”, 20 (7), s. 778–782
Płoszaj T., Jerszyńska B., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Lewandowska M., Kubiak D., Grzywnowicz K., Masłowska A., Witas H. W., 2015 Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity and LCT-13,910 and deltaF508 CFTR alleles typing in the medieval sample from Poland, „Homo”, 66 (3), s. 229–250
Ramos A., Santos C., Mateiu L., González Mdel M., Alvarez L., Azevedo L., Amorim A., Aluja M. P., 2013 Frequency and Pattern of Heteroplasmy in the Complete Human Mitochondrial Genome, „PLoS One”, 8 (10), e74636
Reich D., Green R. E., Kircher M., Krause J., Patterson N., Durand E. Y., Viola B., Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Johnson P. L., Maricic T., Good J. M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E. E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M. V., Derevianko A. P., Hublin J. J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S., 2010 Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia, „Nature”, 468 (7327), s. 1053–1060
Rizzi E., Lari M., Gigli E., De Bellis G., Caramelli D., 2012 Ancient DNA studies: new perspectives on old samples, „Genetics Selection Evolution”, 44 (1), s. 21
Salamon M., Tuross N., Arensburg B., Weiner S., 2005 Relatively well preserved DNA is present in the crystal aggregates of fossil bones, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 102 (39), s. 13783–13788
Sampietro M. L., Gilbert M. T., Lao O., Caramelli D., Lari M., Bertranpetit J., Lalueza-Fox C., 2006 Tracking down human contamination in ancient human teeth, „Mololecular Biology and Evolution”, 23 (9), s. 1801–1807
Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R., 1977 DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 74 (12), s. 5463–5467
Satoh M., Kuroiwa T., 1991 Organization of multiple nucleoids and DNA molecules in mitochondria of a human cell, „Experimental Cell Research”, 196, s. 137–140Satoh M., Kuroiwa T., 1991 Organization of multiple nucleoids and DNA molecules in mitochondria of a human cell, „Experimental Cell Research”, 196, s. 137–140
Sawyer S., Krause J., Guschanski K., Savolainen V., Pääbo S., 2012 Temporal Patterns of Nucleotide Misincorporations and DNA Fragmentation in Ancient DNA, „PLoS One”, 7 (3), e34131
Sverrisdottir O. O., Timpson A., Toombs J., Lecoeur C., Froguel P., Carretero J. M., Arsuaga Ferreras J. L., Götherström A., Thomas M. G., 2014 Direct estimates of natural selection in Iberia indicate calcium absorption was not the only driver of lactase persistence in Europe, „Mololecular Biology and Evolution”, 31 (4), s. 975–983
Thyagarajan B., Padua R. A., Campbell C., 1996 Mammalian mitochondria possess homologous DNA recombination activity, „Journal of Biological Chemistry”, 271, s. 27536–27543
Willerslev E., Cooper A., 2005 Ancient DNA, „Proceedings of Royal Society Biological Sciences”, 272 (1558), s. 3–16
Winters M., Barta J. L., Monroe C., Kemp B. M., 2011 To clone or not to clone: method analysis for retrieving consensus sequences in ancient DNA samples, „PLoS One”, 6 (6), e21247
Witas H. W., Tomczyk J., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Chaubey G., Płoszaj T., 2013 mtDNA from the early Bronze Age to the Roman period suggests a genetic link between the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamian cradle of civilization, „PLoS One”, 8 (9), e73682
Witas H. W., Płoszaj T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Witas P.J., Masłowska A., Jerszyńska B., Kozłowski T., Osipowicz G., 2015 Hunting for the LCT-13910*T allele between the Middle Neolithic and the Middle Ages suggests its absence in dairying LBK people entering the Kuyavia region in the 8th millennium BP, „PLoS One”, 10 (4), e0122384
Bollongino R., Nehlich O., Richards M. P., Orschiedt J., Thomas M. G., Sell C., Fajkosova Z., Powell A., Burger J., 2013 2000 years of parallel societies in Stone Age Central Europe, “Science”, 342 (6157), s. 479–481
Bramanti B., Thomas M. G., Haak W., Unterlaender M., Jores P., Tambets K., Antanaitis-Jacobs I., Haidle M. N., Jankauskas R., Kind C. J., Lueth F., Terberger T., Hiller J., Matsumura S., Forster P., Burger J., 2009 Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe’s first farmers, „Science”, 326 (5949), s. 137–140
Brandt G., Szécsényi-Nagy A., Roth C., Alt K. W., Haak W., 2014 Human paleogenetics of Europe – The known knowns and the known unknowns, „Journal of Human Evolution”, 79, 73–92
Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Johnson P. L., Green R. E., Kelso J., Prufer K., Meyer M., Krause J., Ronan M. T., Lachmann M., Pääbo S., 2007 Patterns of damage in genomic DNA sequences from a Neandertal, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 104 (37), s. 14616–14621
Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Meyer M., Krause J., Kircher M., Pääbo S., 2010 Removal of deaminated cytosines and detection of in vivo methylation in ancient DNA, „Nucleic Acids Research”, 38, e87
Cooper A., Poinar H. N., 2000 Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all, „Science”, 289 (5482), s. 1139
Elsner J., Schibler J., Hofreiter M., Schlumbaum A., 2014 Burial condition is the most important factor for mtDNA PCR amplification success in Palaeolithic equid remains from the Alpine foreland, „Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences”, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12520-014-0213-4
Gilbert M. T., Willerslev E., Hansen A. J., Barnes I., Rudbeck L., Lynnerup N., Cooper A., 2003 Distribution patterns of postmortem damage in human mitochondrial DNA, „American Journal of Human Genetics”, 72 (1), s. 32–47
Green R. E., Briggs A. W., Krause J., Prufer K., Burbano H. A., Siebauer M., Lachmann M., Pääbo S., 2009 The Neandertal genome and ancient DNA authenticity, „The EMBO Journal”, 28 (17), s. 2494–2502
Haak W., Balanovsky O., Sanchez J. J., Koshel S., Zaporozhchenko V., Adler C. J., Der Sarkissian C. S., Brandt G., Schwarz C., Nicklisch N., Dresely V., Fritsch B., Balanovska E., Villems R., Meller H., Alt K. W., Cooper A.; Members of the Genographic Consortium 2010 Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities, „PLoS Biol”, 8 (11), e1000536
Hofreiter M., Serre D., Poinar H.N., Kuch M., Pääbo S., 2001 Ancient DNA, „Nature Review Genetics”, 2 (5), s. 353–359
Hofreiter M., Paijmans J. L. A., Goodchild H., Speller C. F., Barlow A., Fortes G. G., Thomas J. A., Ludwig A., Collins M. J., 2015 The future of ancient DNA: Technical advances and conceptual shifts, „Bioessays”, 37, s. 284–293
Kemp B. M., Smith D. G., 2005 Use of bleach to eliminate contaminating DNA from the surface of bones and teeth, „Forensic Sciences International”, 154 (1), s. 53–61
Kloss-Brandstatter A., Pacher D., Schonherr S., Weissensteiner H., Binna R., Specht G., Kronenberg F., 2011 HaploGrep: a fast and reliable algorithm for automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups, „Human Mutation”, 32, s. 25–32
Knapp M., Hofreiter M., 2010 Next Generation Sequencing of Ancient DNA: Requirements, Strategies and Perspectives, „Genes”, 2010 (1), s. 227–243
Kuś M., Ossowski A., 2013 Analiza mtDNA ludzkich szczątków kostnych, [w:] Koszyce, stanowisko 3. Przemoc i rytuał u schyłku neolitu. M.M. Przybyła, A. Szczepanek, P. Włodarczyk red., Kraków–Pękowice, s. 109–113
Lazaridis I., Patterson N., Mittnik A., Renaud G., Mallick S., Kirsanow K., Sudmant P. H., Schraiber J. G., Castellano S., Lipson M., Berger B., Economou C., Bollongino R., Fu Q., Bos K. I., Nordenfelt S., Li H., de Filippo C., Prüfer K., Sawyer S., Posth C., Haak W., Hallgren F., Fornander E., Rohland N., Delsate D., Francken M., Guinet J. M., Wahl J., Ayodo G., Babiker H. A., Bailliet G., Balanovska E., Balanovsky O., Barrantes R., Bedoya G., Ben-Ami H., Bene J., Berrada F., Bravi C.M., Brisighelli F., Busby G.B., Cali F., Churnosov M., Cole D.E., Corach D., Damba L., van Driem G., Dryomov S., Dugoujon J. M., Fedorova S. A., Gallego Romero I., Gubina M., Hammer M., Henn B. M., Hervig T.,Hodoglugil U., Jha A. R., Karachanak-Yankova S., Khusainova R., Khusnutdinova E., Kittles R., Kivisild T., Klitz W., Kučinskas V., Kushniarevich A., Laredj L., Litvinov S., Loukidis T., Mahley R.W., Melegh B., Metspalu E., Molina J., Mountain J., Näkkäläjärvi K., Nesheva D., Nyambo T., Osipova L., Parik J., Platonov F., Posukh O., Romano V., Rothhammer F., Rudan I., Ruizbakiev R., Sahakyan H., Sajantila A., Salas A., Starikovskaya E. B., Tarekegn A., Toncheva D., Turdikulova S., Uktveryte I., Utevska O., Vasquez R., Villena M., Voevoda M., Winkler C. A., Yepiskoposyan L., Zalloua P., Zemunik T., Cooper A., Capelli C., Thomas M. G., Ruiz-Linares A., Tishkoff S. A., Singh L., Thangaraj K., Villems R., Comas D., Sukernik R., Metspalu M., Meyer M., Eichler E. E., Burger J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S., Kelso J., Reich D., Krause J., 2014 Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans, „Nature”, 513 (7518), s. 409–413
Lorkiewicz W., Płoszaj T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Żądzińska E., Strapagiel D., Haduch E., Szczepanek A., Grygiel R., Witas H. W., 2015 Between the Baltic and Danubian Worlds: The Genetic Affinities of a Middle Neolithic Population from Central Poland, „PLoS One”, 10 (2), e0118316.
Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W. E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L. A., Berka J., Braverman M. S., Chen Y. J., Chen Z., Dewell S. B., Du L., Fierro J. M., Gomes X. V., Godwin B. C., He W., Helgesen S., Ho C. H., Irzyk G. P., Jando S. C., Alenquer M. L., Jarvie T. P., Jirage K. B., Kim J. B., Knight J. R., Lanza J. R., Leamon J. H., Lefkowitz S. M., Lei M., Li J., Lohman K. L., Lu H., Makhijani V. B., McDade K. E., McKenna M. P., Myers E. W., Nickerson E., Nobile J. R., Plant R., Puc B. P., Ronan M. T., Roth G. T., Sarkis G. J., Simons J. F., Simpson J. W., Srinivasan M., Tartaro K. R., Tomasz A., Vogt K. A., Volkmer G.A., Wang S. H., Wang Y., Weiner M. P., Yu P., Begley R. F., Rothberg J. M., 2005 Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors, „Nature”, 437, s. 376–380
Olalde I., Lalueza-Fox C., 2015 Modern humans’ paleogenomics and the new evidences on the European prehistory, „Science and Technology of Archaeological Research”, 1 (1), s. 1–9
Pääbo S., Poinar H., Serre D., Jaenicke-Despres V., Hebler J., Rohland N., Kuch M., Krause J., Vigilant L., Hofreiter M., 2004 Genetic analyses from ancient DNA, „Annual Review of Genetics”, 38, s. 645–679
Pilli E., Modi A., Serpico C., Achilli A., Lancioni H., Lippi B., Bertoldi F., Gelichi S., Lari M., Caramelli D., 2013 Monitoring DNA contamination in handled vs. directly excavated ancient human skeletal remains, „PLoS One”, 8 (1), e52524
Plantinga T. S., Alonso S., Izagirre N., Hervella M., Fregel R., van der Meer J. W., Netea M. G., de la Rúa C., 2012 Low prevalence of lactase persistence in Neolithic South-West Europe. European journal of human genetics, „European Journal of Human Genetics”, 20 (7), s. 778–782
Płoszaj T., Jerszyńska B., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Lewandowska M., Kubiak D., Grzywnowicz K., Masłowska A., Witas H. W., 2015 Mitochondrial DNA genetic diversity and LCT-13,910 and deltaF508 CFTR alleles typing in the medieval sample from Poland, „Homo”, 66 (3), s. 229–250
Ramos A., Santos C., Mateiu L., González Mdel M., Alvarez L., Azevedo L., Amorim A., Aluja M. P., 2013 Frequency and Pattern of Heteroplasmy in the Complete Human Mitochondrial Genome, „PLoS One”, 8 (10), e74636
Reich D., Green R. E., Kircher M., Krause J., Patterson N., Durand E. Y., Viola B., Briggs A. W., Stenzel U., Johnson P. L., Maricic T., Good J. M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E. E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M. V., Derevianko A. P., Hublin J. J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S., 2010 Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia, „Nature”, 468 (7327), s. 1053–1060
Rizzi E., Lari M., Gigli E., De Bellis G., Caramelli D., 2012 Ancient DNA studies: new perspectives on old samples, „Genetics Selection Evolution”, 44 (1), s. 21
Salamon M., Tuross N., Arensburg B., Weiner S., 2005 Relatively well preserved DNA is present in the crystal aggregates of fossil bones, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 102 (39), s. 13783–13788
Sampietro M. L., Gilbert M. T., Lao O., Caramelli D., Lari M., Bertranpetit J., Lalueza-Fox C., 2006 Tracking down human contamination in ancient human teeth, „Mololecular Biology and Evolution”, 23 (9), s. 1801–1807
Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R., 1977 DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, „Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA”, 74 (12), s. 5463–5467
Satoh M., Kuroiwa T., 1991 Organization of multiple nucleoids and DNA molecules in mitochondria of a human cell, „Experimental Cell Research”, 196, s. 137–140Satoh M., Kuroiwa T., 1991 Organization of multiple nucleoids and DNA molecules in mitochondria of a human cell, „Experimental Cell Research”, 196, s. 137–140
Sawyer S., Krause J., Guschanski K., Savolainen V., Pääbo S., 2012 Temporal Patterns of Nucleotide Misincorporations and DNA Fragmentation in Ancient DNA, „PLoS One”, 7 (3), e34131
Sverrisdottir O. O., Timpson A., Toombs J., Lecoeur C., Froguel P., Carretero J. M., Arsuaga Ferreras J. L., Götherström A., Thomas M. G., 2014 Direct estimates of natural selection in Iberia indicate calcium absorption was not the only driver of lactase persistence in Europe, „Mololecular Biology and Evolution”, 31 (4), s. 975–983
Thyagarajan B., Padua R. A., Campbell C., 1996 Mammalian mitochondria possess homologous DNA recombination activity, „Journal of Biological Chemistry”, 271, s. 27536–27543
Willerslev E., Cooper A., 2005 Ancient DNA, „Proceedings of Royal Society Biological Sciences”, 272 (1558), s. 3–16
Winters M., Barta J. L., Monroe C., Kemp B. M., 2011 To clone or not to clone: method analysis for retrieving consensus sequences in ancient DNA samples, „PLoS One”, 6 (6), e21247
Witas H. W., Tomczyk J., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Chaubey G., Płoszaj T., 2013 mtDNA from the early Bronze Age to the Roman period suggests a genetic link between the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamian cradle of civilization, „PLoS One”, 8 (9), e73682
Witas H. W., Płoszaj T., Jędrychowska-Dańska K., Witas P.J., Masłowska A., Jerszyńska B., Kozłowski T., Osipowicz G., 2015 Hunting for the LCT-13910*T allele between the Middle Neolithic and the Middle Ages suggests its absence in dairying LBK people entering the Kuyavia region in the 8th millennium BP, „PLoS One”, 10 (4), e0122384
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2015-01-01
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Witas, H. W. (2015). O rygorach metodycznych analizowania kopalnego DNA i skutkach ich nieprzestrzegania. Archeologia Polski, 60(1-2), 164–177. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/apol/article/view/191
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