Importowane naczynia szklane w Chinach w I tysiącleciu n.e.
Keywords:
produkcja szkła, naczynia szklane, Chiny, Imperium Rzymskie, Iran, Jedwabny Szlak, handel dalekosiężny w Azji, I tysiąclecie n.e.Abstract
Jakkolwiek szkło było wytapiane w Chinach już od 2 poł. I tys. p.n.e., a opracowane lokalnie technologie pozwalały na produkcję zarówno matowej, przypominającej nefryt, jak i przejrzystej masy szklanej, to wielobarwne, wykonane z przejrzystego szkła naczynia pochodzące z warsztatów nadśródziemnomorskich i irańskich były wysoko cenione przez chińskie elity, zwłaszcza w 1 poł. I tys. n.e. W niniejszym artykule omówione zostały znaleziska importowanych naczyń szklanych z terenu Chin w kontekście rozwoju lokalnej produkcji szklarskiej, a także poruszone problemy związane z ich dystrybucją, funkcją i wartością.
Tłumacz: Beata Kita
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References
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An Jiayao 1986, Bei Zhou Li Xian mu chutu de boli wan – Sashan boli qi de faxian yu yanjiu, „Kaogu”, 1986/2, s. 173–181.
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An Jiayao 2009, Glasses of the Northern Wei Dynasty found at Datong, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 379–386.
An Jiayao 2009, Glass vessels of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties found in Guangzhou, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 387–395.
An Jiayao 2010, Glass vessels of the Tang and the Five Dynasties found at Guangzhou, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 177–182.
Ancient glass. Feast of color 2013, Miho.
Arsenjew W. K. 2011, W Ussuryjskim Kraju, tłumaczenie E. Skórska, Poznań.
Auth S. H. 1976, Ancient glass at the Newark Museum. From the Eugene Schaefer Collection of Antiquities, Newark.
Borell B. 2010, Trade and Glass Vessels along the Maritime Silk Road, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 127–142.
Brill R. H. 2009, Opening remarks and setting the stage. Lecture at the 2005 Shanghai International Workshop on the Archaeology of Glass along the Silk Road, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 109–148.
Brill R. H., Fenn P. M. 1992, Some thoughts on the Famen temple glass finds, [w:] Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, s. 254–258.
Butler A. R., Moffet J. 2009, Salpetre in early and Medieval Chinese medicine, „Asian Medicine”, 5, s. 173–185.
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Changzhou Bowuguan 1991, Jiangsu Hanjiang Ganquan Laohudun Han mu, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 62–70.
Cheng Qian, Wang Bo, Guo Jinlong, 2011, Xinjiang Qiemo Zagunluke mudi chutu boli bei yanjiu, „Wenwu”, 2011/7, s. 88–92.
Datong Shi Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2006, Shanxi Datong Yingbin da dao Bei Wei muqun, „Wenwu”, 2006/10, s. 50–71.
Fukai Shinji 1977, Persian glass, New York–Tokyo–Kyoto.
Gan Fuxi 2009, Origin and evolution of ancient Chinese glass, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 1–40.
Gan Fuxi 2009, The Silk Road and ancient Chinese glass, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 41–108.
Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wenwu Gongzuo Dui, Guigang Shi Wenwu Guanli Suo 2006, Guangxi Guigang Shendingling Han mu fajue baogao, „Kaogu Xuebao”, 2006/1, s. 83–114.
Guangzhou Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2006, Guangzhou Nan Han De Ling Kang Ling fajue baogao, „Wenwu”, 2006/7, s. 4–25.
Henan Nanyang Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2008, Henan Nanyang shi Chenpengcun 68 hao Han mu, „Kaogu”, 2008/10, s. 33–39.
Henderson J. 2013, Ancient Glass. An interdisciplinary exploration, Cambridge.
Huang Qishan 1988, Guangxi gudai boli zhipin fabian ji qi yanjiu, „Kaogu”, 1988/3, s. 264–276.
Huang Qishan 1991, A preliminary study of Han Dynasty glass in Guangxi, [w:] Scientific research in early Chinese glass, H. Brill, J.H. Martin red., Corning, New York, s. 185–192.
Huang Qishan 2006, Guangxi Handai boli yu hai shang sichou zhi lu, [w:] Hai shang sichou zhi lu yanjiu, Wu Chuanjun, Lü Yusheng red., Beijing, s. 154–163.
Isings C. 1957, Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Archaeologica Trajectina, 2, Groningen, Djakarta.
Jiang Jie 2010, Glass: top quality works in the Silk Road, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 183–189.
Laing E. J. 1991, A Report on Western Asian glassware in the Far East, „Bulletin of the Asia Institute”, 5, s. 109–121.
Lankton J. W., Dussubieux L. 2006, Early Glass in Asian Maritime Trade. A Review and an Interpretation of Compositional Analyses, „Journal of Glass Studies”, 48, s. 121–144.
Li Yaobo 1973, Liaoning Beipiao xian Xiguan yingzi Bei Yan Feng Sufu mu, „Wenwu”, 1973/3, s. 2–26
Li Wenying 2007, Xinjiang Yingpan mudi chutu de gu boli qi jieshao, [w:] Sichou zhi lu shang de gudai boli yanjiu, Gan Fuxi red., Shanghai, 139–144.
Lu Chi 2009, The Inspiration of the Silk Road for Chinese Glass Art, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 265–273.
Mairs R. 2012, Glassware from Roman Egypt at Begram (Afganistan) and the Red Sea trade, „British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan”, 18, https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Mairs.pdf.
Matheson S. 1980, Ancient glass in the Yale University Glass Gallery, Yale.
Müller Sh. 2003, The Nomads of the Fifth Century: The Tuoba Xianbei, [w:], Nomads, Traders and Holy Men Along China’s Silk Road, A.L. Juliano i J.A. Lerner red., Silk Road Studies, VII, New York, s. 33–44.
Nanjing Bowuyuan 1981, Jiangsu Hanjiang Ganquan er hao Han mu, „Wenwu” 1981/11, s. 1–10.
Nanjing Daxue Lishi Kaogu Zu 1973, Nanjing Daxue beiyuan Dong Jin mu, „Wenwu”, 1973/4, s. 36–50.
Nanjing Shi Bowuguan 1972, Nanjing Xiangshan 5 hao, 6 hao, 7 hao mu qingli jian bao, „Wenwu”, 1972/11, s. 23–41.
Nanjing Shi Bowuguan 1983, Nanjing beijiao Dong Jin mu fajue jianbao, „Kaogu”, 1983/4, s. 315–321.
Negro Ponzi M. [1968–1969] 1969, Sasanian Glassware from Tell Mahuz (North Mesopotamia), „Mesopotamia”, 3–4, s. 293–384.
Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu Bowuguan, Ningxia Guyuan Bowuguan 1985, Ningxia Guyuan Bei Zhou Li Xian fufu mu fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 1985/11, s. 1–20.
Pánczél Sz., Dobos A. 2007, Facet cut glass vessels of the late 3rd to 5th century AD. Analysis of finds from North Danubian Romania, [w:] Funerary offerings and votive deposits in Europe’s 1st millnium AD, C. Cosma red., Cluj-Napoca, s. 67–98.
Ployer R. 2013, Gläser, [w:] Palmyras Reichtum durch weltweiten Handel, A. Schmidt-Colinet, W. al-As‘ad red., II, Kleinfunde, Wien, s. 127–205.
Shanxisheng Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Daton gshi Bowuguan 1992, Datong nan jiao Bei Wei muqun fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 1992/8, s. 1–11.
Stawiarska T. 1999, Naczynia szklane okresu rzymskiego z terenu Polski, Warszawa.
Stein A. 1928, Innermost Asia. Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, London.
Su Bai 1997, Dingzhou gong yi yu Jinghi, Jingzhou ta digong wenwu, „Wenwu”, 1997/10, s. 36–47.
Taniichi T. 2010, Sasanian and Post-Sasanian plant-ash glass vessels delivered to Japan, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 239–246.
Tōyō kodai garasu (Oriental ancient glass) 1980, Tokyo.
Vu D. D. 2007, Cochinchina: reassessment of the origin and use of the westernized place name, „The Writers Post”, 9, http://www.thewriterspost.net/V9I1I2_ff6_vudinhdinh.htm.
Wang Bo, Lu Lipeng 2007, Zagunluke he Shanpula gumu chutu gudai boli gaishu, [w:] Sichou zhi lu shang de gudai boli yanjiu, Gan Fuxi red., Shanghai, s. 126–138.
Wang Zhongshu 1995, Shilun Echeng Wulidun Xi Jin mu chutu de Bosi Sashan chao boli wan wei Wu shi you hai lu chuan ren, „Kaogu”, 1995/1, s. 81–87.
Watt J. C. Y., An Jiayao, Howard A. F., Marshak B., Su Bai, Zhao Feng red. 2004, China, Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750, New York–Yale–New Haven–London.
Whitehouse D. 2005, Sasanian and Post-Sasanian glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York.
Xiong Zhaoming, Li Qinghui 2011, Guangxi chutu Han dai boliqi de kaogu xue yu keji yanjiu, Beijing.
Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu Bowuguan, Bayinguoleng Menggu Zizhi - zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo, Qiemo Xian Wenwu Guanlisuo 2003, Xinjiang Qiemo Zagunluke yihao mudi fajue baogao, „Kaogu Xuebao”, 2003/1, s. 89–136.
Xinjiang Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2002, Xinjiang Yuli xian Yingpan mudi 1995 fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 2002/6, s. 4–45.
Yangzhou Bowuguan, Hanjiang Xian Tushuguan 1991, Jiangsu Hanjiang xian Yangshou xiang Baonüdun Xin Mang mu, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 39–61.
Yu Zhiyong 2010, Some thoughts on glass finds from the Tarim Oasis from the past ten years, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz,191–202.
Zheng Hongchun 1988, Xi’an dong jiao Sui She Li mu qingli jianbao, „Kaogu yu Wenwu”, 1988/1, s. 61–65.
Zhenjiang Bowuguan, Jurong Bowuguan 2010, Jiangsu Jurong Chun Cheng Nan chao Song Yuanjia shiliu nian mu, „Dong Nan Wenhua”, 2010/3 (215), s. 37–43.
Zhou Changyuan, Zhang Fukang 1991, Dui Yangzhou Baonüdun chutu Han dai boli yi pian de yanjiou, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 71–75.
An Jiayao 1986, Bei Zhou Li Xian mu chutu de boli wan – Sashan boli qi de faxian yu yanjiu, „Kaogu”, 1986/2, s. 173–181.
An Jiayao 2004, The art of Glass along the Silk Road, [w:] China, dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750, J.C.Y. Watt, An Jiayao, A.F. Howard, B. Marshak, Su Bai, Zhao Feng red., New York–Yale–New Haven–London, s. 57–65.
An Jiayao 2009, Glasses of the Northern Wei Dynasty found at Datong, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 379–386.
An Jiayao 2009, Glass vessels of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties found in Guangzhou, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 387–395.
An Jiayao 2010, Glass vessels of the Tang and the Five Dynasties found at Guangzhou, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 177–182.
Ancient glass. Feast of color 2013, Miho.
Arsenjew W. K. 2011, W Ussuryjskim Kraju, tłumaczenie E. Skórska, Poznań.
Auth S. H. 1976, Ancient glass at the Newark Museum. From the Eugene Schaefer Collection of Antiquities, Newark.
Borell B. 2010, Trade and Glass Vessels along the Maritime Silk Road, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 127–142.
Brill R. H. 2009, Opening remarks and setting the stage. Lecture at the 2005 Shanghai International Workshop on the Archaeology of Glass along the Silk Road, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 109–148.
Brill R. H., Fenn P. M. 1992, Some thoughts on the Famen temple glass finds, [w:] Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, s. 254–258.
Butler A. R., Moffet J. 2009, Salpetre in early and Medieval Chinese medicine, „Asian Medicine”, 5, s. 173–185.
Butler A. R., Moffet J. 2014, A treatment for cardiovascular dysfunction in a Dunhuang medical manuscript, [w:] Medieval Chinese medicine. The Dunhuang medical manuscripts, V. Lo, Ch. Cullen red., Oxon, s. 363–368.
Changzhou Bowuguan 1991, Jiangsu Hanjiang Ganquan Laohudun Han mu, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 62–70.
Cheng Qian, Wang Bo, Guo Jinlong, 2011, Xinjiang Qiemo Zagunluke mudi chutu boli bei yanjiu, „Wenwu”, 2011/7, s. 88–92.
Datong Shi Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2006, Shanxi Datong Yingbin da dao Bei Wei muqun, „Wenwu”, 2006/10, s. 50–71.
Fukai Shinji 1977, Persian glass, New York–Tokyo–Kyoto.
Gan Fuxi 2009, Origin and evolution of ancient Chinese glass, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 1–40.
Gan Fuxi 2009, The Silk Road and ancient Chinese glass, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 41–108.
Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu Wenwu Gongzuo Dui, Guigang Shi Wenwu Guanli Suo 2006, Guangxi Guigang Shendingling Han mu fajue baogao, „Kaogu Xuebao”, 2006/1, s. 83–114.
Guangzhou Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2006, Guangzhou Nan Han De Ling Kang Ling fajue baogao, „Wenwu”, 2006/7, s. 4–25.
Henan Nanyang Shi Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2008, Henan Nanyang shi Chenpengcun 68 hao Han mu, „Kaogu”, 2008/10, s. 33–39.
Henderson J. 2013, Ancient Glass. An interdisciplinary exploration, Cambridge.
Huang Qishan 1988, Guangxi gudai boli zhipin fabian ji qi yanjiu, „Kaogu”, 1988/3, s. 264–276.
Huang Qishan 1991, A preliminary study of Han Dynasty glass in Guangxi, [w:] Scientific research in early Chinese glass, H. Brill, J.H. Martin red., Corning, New York, s. 185–192.
Huang Qishan 2006, Guangxi Handai boli yu hai shang sichou zhi lu, [w:] Hai shang sichou zhi lu yanjiu, Wu Chuanjun, Lü Yusheng red., Beijing, s. 154–163.
Isings C. 1957, Roman Glass from Dated Finds, Archaeologica Trajectina, 2, Groningen, Djakarta.
Jiang Jie 2010, Glass: top quality works in the Silk Road, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 183–189.
Laing E. J. 1991, A Report on Western Asian glassware in the Far East, „Bulletin of the Asia Institute”, 5, s. 109–121.
Lankton J. W., Dussubieux L. 2006, Early Glass in Asian Maritime Trade. A Review and an Interpretation of Compositional Analyses, „Journal of Glass Studies”, 48, s. 121–144.
Li Yaobo 1973, Liaoning Beipiao xian Xiguan yingzi Bei Yan Feng Sufu mu, „Wenwu”, 1973/3, s. 2–26
Li Wenying 2007, Xinjiang Yingpan mudi chutu de gu boli qi jieshao, [w:] Sichou zhi lu shang de gudai boli yanjiu, Gan Fuxi red., Shanghai, 139–144.
Lu Chi 2009, The Inspiration of the Silk Road for Chinese Glass Art, [w:] Ancient glass research along the Silk Road, Gan Fuxi, R. Brill, Tian Shouyun red., Singapore, s. 265–273.
Mairs R. 2012, Glassware from Roman Egypt at Begram (Afganistan) and the Red Sea trade, „British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan”, 18, https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Mairs.pdf.
Matheson S. 1980, Ancient glass in the Yale University Glass Gallery, Yale.
Müller Sh. 2003, The Nomads of the Fifth Century: The Tuoba Xianbei, [w:], Nomads, Traders and Holy Men Along China’s Silk Road, A.L. Juliano i J.A. Lerner red., Silk Road Studies, VII, New York, s. 33–44.
Nanjing Bowuyuan 1981, Jiangsu Hanjiang Ganquan er hao Han mu, „Wenwu” 1981/11, s. 1–10.
Nanjing Daxue Lishi Kaogu Zu 1973, Nanjing Daxue beiyuan Dong Jin mu, „Wenwu”, 1973/4, s. 36–50.
Nanjing Shi Bowuguan 1972, Nanjing Xiangshan 5 hao, 6 hao, 7 hao mu qingli jian bao, „Wenwu”, 1972/11, s. 23–41.
Nanjing Shi Bowuguan 1983, Nanjing beijiao Dong Jin mu fajue jianbao, „Kaogu”, 1983/4, s. 315–321.
Negro Ponzi M. [1968–1969] 1969, Sasanian Glassware from Tell Mahuz (North Mesopotamia), „Mesopotamia”, 3–4, s. 293–384.
Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu Bowuguan, Ningxia Guyuan Bowuguan 1985, Ningxia Guyuan Bei Zhou Li Xian fufu mu fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 1985/11, s. 1–20.
Pánczél Sz., Dobos A. 2007, Facet cut glass vessels of the late 3rd to 5th century AD. Analysis of finds from North Danubian Romania, [w:] Funerary offerings and votive deposits in Europe’s 1st millnium AD, C. Cosma red., Cluj-Napoca, s. 67–98.
Ployer R. 2013, Gläser, [w:] Palmyras Reichtum durch weltweiten Handel, A. Schmidt-Colinet, W. al-As‘ad red., II, Kleinfunde, Wien, s. 127–205.
Shanxisheng Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Daton gshi Bowuguan 1992, Datong nan jiao Bei Wei muqun fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 1992/8, s. 1–11.
Stawiarska T. 1999, Naczynia szklane okresu rzymskiego z terenu Polski, Warszawa.
Stein A. 1928, Innermost Asia. Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, London.
Su Bai 1997, Dingzhou gong yi yu Jinghi, Jingzhou ta digong wenwu, „Wenwu”, 1997/10, s. 36–47.
Taniichi T. 2010, Sasanian and Post-Sasanian plant-ash glass vessels delivered to Japan, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz, s. 239–246.
Tōyō kodai garasu (Oriental ancient glass) 1980, Tokyo.
Vu D. D. 2007, Cochinchina: reassessment of the origin and use of the westernized place name, „The Writers Post”, 9, http://www.thewriterspost.net/V9I1I2_ff6_vudinhdinh.htm.
Wang Bo, Lu Lipeng 2007, Zagunluke he Shanpula gumu chutu gudai boli gaishu, [w:] Sichou zhi lu shang de gudai boli yanjiu, Gan Fuxi red., Shanghai, s. 126–138.
Wang Zhongshu 1995, Shilun Echeng Wulidun Xi Jin mu chutu de Bosi Sashan chao boli wan wei Wu shi you hai lu chuan ren, „Kaogu”, 1995/1, s. 81–87.
Watt J. C. Y., An Jiayao, Howard A. F., Marshak B., Su Bai, Zhao Feng red. 2004, China, Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750, New York–Yale–New Haven–London.
Whitehouse D. 2005, Sasanian and Post-Sasanian glass in the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York.
Xiong Zhaoming, Li Qinghui 2011, Guangxi chutu Han dai boliqi de kaogu xue yu keji yanjiu, Beijing.
Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu Bowuguan, Bayinguoleng Menggu Zizhi - zhou Wenwu Guanlisuo, Qiemo Xian Wenwu Guanlisuo 2003, Xinjiang Qiemo Zagunluke yihao mudi fajue baogao, „Kaogu Xuebao”, 2003/1, s. 89–136.
Xinjiang Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo 2002, Xinjiang Yuli xian Yingpan mudi 1995 fajue jianbao, „Wenwu”, 2002/6, s. 4–45.
Yangzhou Bowuguan, Hanjiang Xian Tushuguan 1991, Jiangsu Hanjiang xian Yangshou xiang Baonüdun Xin Mang mu, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 39–61.
Yu Zhiyong 2010, Some thoughts on glass finds from the Tarim Oasis from the past ten years, [w:] Glass along the Silk Road from 200 BC to AD 1000, B. Zorn, A. Hilgner red., Mainz,191–202.
Zheng Hongchun 1988, Xi’an dong jiao Sui She Li mu qingli jianbao, „Kaogu yu Wenwu”, 1988/1, s. 61–65.
Zhenjiang Bowuguan, Jurong Bowuguan 2010, Jiangsu Jurong Chun Cheng Nan chao Song Yuanjia shiliu nian mu, „Dong Nan Wenhua”, 2010/3 (215), s. 37–43.
Zhou Changyuan, Zhang Fukang 1991, Dui Yangzhou Baonüdun chutu Han dai boli yi pian de yanjiou, „Wenwu”, 1991/10, s. 71–75.
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2016-01-01
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Żuchowska, M. (2016). Importowane naczynia szklane w Chinach w I tysiącleciu n.e. Archeologia Polski, 61, 77–110. Retrieved from https://journals.iaepan.pl/apol/article/view/201
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